‘O meio é a mensagem’, de Harold A. Innis a Marshall McLuhan

Os contributos para pensar a comunicação, os media e a cultura de Harold A. Innis e Marshall McLuhan foram durante muitas décadas ou praticamente esquecidos ou ignorados, no caso de Innis, ou olhados com desconfiança ou fascínio, no caso de McLuhan, no seio do que se designa hoje por ciências da comunicação. Nos últimos anos, essa situação alterou-se significativamente e hoje Innis desperta um enorme interesse na teoria da comunicação e na economia política dos media. Estes dois autores canadianos, o primeiro escrevendo entre os anos 20 e 40 do século XX e o segundo a partir dos anos 50 e até ao final da década de 70, centraram a sua atenção nas formas/suportes técnicos através dos quais comunicamos e como esses dispositivos produzem efeitos a longo prazo na sociedade, na cultura, na política e na ordem do sensorium humano. Como se está já a ver, ao contrário das tradições mainstream norte-americanas do mesmo período, centradas na análises quantitativas de curto-médio prazo dos efeitos e usos dos contéudos das mensagens, Innis e McLuhan, optaram por formas ensaísticas, de história das civilizações, mobilizando recursos da cultura, da literatura, da economia e da tecnologia, que privilegiam a reflexão de longo prazo (mudanças na ordem social e no sensorium operadas à escala histórica, civilizacional). Embora esta perspectiva de largo alcance temporal tenha tido diversos cultores durante o século XIX e XX, como são exemplos Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, entre outros, nos estudos de comunicação, ela tinha muito pouca tradição. O impacto destes teóricos radica na introdução na investigação em comunicação e media de uma problemática que durante muito tempo se encontrou ausente da quer na Europa, quer na América do Norte (particularmente nos EUA) que é a relação entre os modos (meios, técnicas) de comunicação e a sociedade. O seu maior contributo para os estudos sociológicos da comunicação foi chamar a atenção para os efeitos a longo prazo das formas técnicas de comunicação na sociedade e na cultura. Pela primeira vez, se questionou a dimensão técnica da comunicação. Ou seja, exploraram a ideia de que as técnicas de comunicação são responsáveis pela configuração das sociedades e da cultura; que os processos de comunicação e as instituições a eles associadas têm efeitos penetrantes na natureza das sociedades e no curso da sua história, erguendo novas constelações culturais; mudam os meios/os suportes técnicos através dos quais comunicamos, muda a cultura, muda a sociedade. Defendem que a história da comunicação é uma das grandes chave da historia universal, o que os faz ler a história universal à luz da história da comunicação. Há quem afirme que exploram uma certa determinação comunicacional da sociedade (perspectiva que já se encontrava presente nos economistas políticos alemães e nos primeiros sociólogos americanos, como Albion Small, William Sumner e Edward Ross, entre outros), segundo a qual a sociedade é um organismo, mas muito mais complexo do que propunha Herbert Spencer, um organismo com formas de consciência forjadas através da comunicação. Eu diria que isto é basicamente aquilo que une estes dois autores, tudo o resto tende a afastá-los como vou tentar mostrar de seguida.

Renewable energy in Islands: an integrated proposal for electricity generation and transports

The purpose of this article is to analyse and evaluate the economical, energetic and environmental impacts of the increasing penetration of renewable energies and electrical vehicles in isolated systems, such as Terceira Island in Azores and Madeira Island. Given the fact that the islands are extremely dependent on the importation of fossil fuels - not only for the production of energy, but also for the transportation’s sector – it’s intended to analyse how it is possible to reduce that dependency and determine the resultant reduction of pollutant gas emissions. Different settings have been analysed - with and without the penetration of EVs. The Terceira Island is an interesting case study, where EVs charging during off-peak hours could allow an increase in geothermal power, limited by the valley of power demand. The percentage of renewable energy in the electric power mix could reach the 74% in 2030 while at the same time, it is possible to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases in 45% and the purchase of fossil fuels in 44%. In Madeira, apart from wind, solar and small hydro power, there are not so many endogenous resources and the Island’s emission factor cannot be so reduced as in Terceira. Although, it is possible to reduce fossil fuels imports and emissions in 1.8% in 2030 when compared with a BAU scenario with a 14% of the LD fleet composed by EVs.

Renewable energy in Islands: an integrated proposal for electricity generation and transports

The purpose of this article is to analyse and evaluate the economical, energetic and environmental impacts of the increasing penetration of renewable energies and electrical vehicles in isolated systems, such as Terceira Island in Azores and Madeira Island. Given the fact that the islands are extremely dependent on the importation of fossil fuels - not only for the production of energy, but also for the transportation’s sector – it’s intended to analyse how it is possible to reduce that dependency and determine the resultant reduction of pollutant gas emissions. Different settings have been analysed - with and without the penetration of EVs. The Terceira Island is an interesting case study, where EVs charging during off-peak hours could allow an increase in geothermal power, limited by the valley of power demand. The percentage of renewable energy in the electric power mix could reach the 74% in 2030 while at the same time, it is possible to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases in 45% and the purchase of fossil fuels in 44%. In Madeira, apart from wind, solar and small hydro power, there are not so many endogenous resources and the Island’s emission factor cannot be so reduced as in Terceira. Although, it is possible to reduce fossil fuels imports and emissions in 1.8% in 2030 when compared with a BAU scenario with a 14% of the LD fleet composed by EVs.

Reconstructing the architectural evolution of volcanic islands from combined K/AR, morphologic, tectonic, and magnetic data. The Faial Island exemple (Azores)

The morpho-structural evolution of oceanic islands results from competition between volcano growth and partial destruction by mass-wasting processes. We present here a multi-disciplinary study of the successive stages of development of Faial (Azores) during the last 1 Myr. Using high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), and new K/Ar, tectonic, and magnetic data, we reconstruct the rapidly evolving topography at successive stages, in response to complex interactions between volcanic construction and mass wasting, including the development of a graben. We show that: (1) sub-aerial evolution of the island first involved the rapid growth of a large elongated volcano at ca. 0.85 Ma, followed by its partial destruction over half a million years; (2) beginning about 360 ka a new small edifice grew on the NE of the island, and was subsequently cut by normal faults responsible for initiation of the graben; (3) after an apparent pause of ca. 250 kyr, the large Central Volcano (CV) developed on the western side of the island at ca 120 ka, accumulating a thick pile of lava flows in less than 20 kyr, which were partly channelized within the graben; (4) the period between 120 ka and 40 ka is marked by widespread deformation at the island scale, including westward propagation of faulting and associated erosion of the graben walls, which produced sedimentary deposits; subsequent growth of the CV at 40 ka was then constrained within the graben, with lava flowing onto the sediments up to the eastern shore; (5) the island evolution during the Holocene involves basaltic volcanic activity along the main southern faults and pyroclastic eruptions associated with the formation of a caldera volcano-tectonic depression. We conclude that the whole evolution of Faial Island has been characterized by successive short volcanic pulses probably controlled by brief episodes of regional deformation. Each pulse has been separated by considerable periods of volcanic inactivity during which the Faial graben gradually developed. We propose that the volume loss associated with sudden magma extraction from a shallow reservoir in different episodes triggered incremental downward graben movement, as observed historically, when immediate vertical collapse of up to 2 m was observed along the western segments of the graben at the end of the Capelinhos eruptive crises (1957-58).