Modelação e simulação de sistemas fotovoltaicos

Os sistemas fotovoltaicos produzem energia eléctrica limpa, e inesgotável na nossa escala temporal. A Agência Internacional de Energia encara a tecnologia fotovoltaica como uma das mais promissoras, esperando nas suas previsões mais optimistas, que em 2050 possa representar 20% da produção eléctrica mundial, o equivalente a 18000 TWh. No entanto, e apesar do desenvolvimento notável nas últimas décadas, a principal condicionante a uma maior proliferação destes sistemas é o ainda elevado custo, aliado ao seu fraco desempenho global. Apesar do custo e ineficiência dos módulos fotovoltaicos ter vindo a diminuir, o rendimento dos sistemas contínua dependente de factores externos sujeitos a grande variabilidade, como a temperatura e a irradiância, e às limitações tecnológicas e falta de sinergia dos seus equipamentos constituintes. Neste sentido procurou-se como objectivo na elaboração desta dissertação, avaliar o potencial de optimização dos sistemas fotovoltaicos recorrendo a técnicas de modelação e simulação. Para o efeito, em primeiro lugar foram identificados os principais factores que condicionam o desempenho destes sistemas. Em segundo lugar, e como caso prático de estudo, procedeu-se à modelação de algumas configurações de sistemas fotovoltaicos, e respectivos componentes em ambiente MatlabTM/SimulinkTM. Em seguida procedeu-se à análise das principais vantagens e desvantagens da utilização de diversas ferramentas de modelação na optimização destes sistemas, assim como da incorporação de técnicas de inteligência artificial para responder aos novos desafios que esta tecnologia enfrentará no futuro. Através deste estudo, conclui-se que a modelação é não só um instrumento útil para a optimização dos actuais sistemas PV, como será, certamente uma ferramenta imprescindível para responder aos desafios das novas aplicações desta tecnologia. Neste último ponto as técnicas de modelação com recurso a inteligência artificial (IA) terão seguramente um papel preponderante. O caso prático de modelação realizado permitiu concluir que esta é igualmente uma ferramenta útil no apoio ao ensino e investigação. Contudo, convém não esquecer que um modelo é apenas uma aproximação à realidade, devendo recorrer-se sempre ao sentido crítico na interpretação dos seus resultados.

Protecção radiológica em Portugal: análise da nova directiva internacional (oportunidades e ameaças)

A Comissão Europeia irá lançar, num futuro próximo, uma nova directiva relativa à protecção radiológica - Basic Safety Standards – a qual irá substituir, num único documento, os actualmente existentes. Durante as últimas três décadas, em Portugal, a protecção radiológica contra radiações ionizantes tem sido regulada segundo cinco directivas, publicadas entre 1989 e 2003. Têm sido relatados vários incidentes ocorridos em ambiente clínico, nomeadamente naqueles que operam com radiação ionizante, pois na maioria dos casos, as regras, boas práticas e infra-estruturas não estão adequadas para esta finalidade. As questões ligadas com esta temática estão agora em análise e sob discussão pública. É, contudo, importante entender os desafios e requisitos da nova directiva para melhorar e assegurar a excelência dos resultados nas organizações de cuidados de saúde. Este novo documento reúne as abordagens da International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) e World Health Organization (WHO) e também de outros especialistas na matéria. O propósito da nova directiva aplicada a qualquer exposição previamente planeada baseia-se no princípio ALARA (optimização das práticas, justificação da exposição e limitação da dose). O objectivo deste estudo é, na opinião das partes interessadas, identificar as oportunidades que podem resultar da implementação da nova directiva.

Dosimetria numa população de profissionais expostos a radiações ionizantes

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Área de especialização: Proteção Contra as Radiações.

Light pollution and energy efficiency: a case study of the village of Vialonga

Since industrialization and the formation of larger urban centers in the nineteenth century, pollution of the environment was always present in daily life in various ways, namely in the form of light. Light pollution can cause various consequences, both for humans and for their ecosystem, producing effects on environmental, social, economic and scientific level. In Portugal, the lighting is responsible for 3% of total electricity consumption, energy costs are in some cases more than 50% towards the costs incurred by municipalities with energy, checking-in recent years a trend similar to that improvement of illumination levels in the region (about 4 to 5% per year). Proper use of lighting brings many benefits both to the citizen and environment, since greater energy efficiency can contribute to reducing CO2 emissions, energy costs, as well as to decrease the use of resources not-renewable and/or contamination of renewable resources, which can occurs in the process of obtaining electricity. The present study has a main goal to analyze the illuminance levels associated to the public lighting of the village of Vialonga, Vila Franca de Xira (Portugal), to verify if it is efficient. The aim is also to relate the efficiency of street lighting with the existence of light pollution.

A Step-up mu-Power Converter for Solar Energy Harvesting Applications, using Hill Climbing Maximum Power Point Tracking

This paper presents a step-up micro-power converter for solar energy harvesting applications. The circuit uses a SC voltage tripler architecture, controlled by an MPPT circuit based on the Hill Climbing algorithm. This circuit was designed in a 0.13 mu m CMOS technology in order to work with an a-Si PV cell. The circuit has a local power supply voltage, created using a scaled down SC voltage tripler, controlled by the same MPPT circuit, to make the circuit robust to load and illumination variations. The SC circuits use a combination of PMOS and NMOS transistors to reduce the occupied area. A charge re-use scheme is used to compensate the large parasitic capacitors associated to the MOS transistors. The simulation results show that the circuit can deliver a power of 1266 mu W to the load using 1712 mu W of power from the PV cell, corresponding to an efficiency as high as 73.91%. The simulations also show that the circuit is capable of starting up with only 19% of the maximum illumination level.

Distributed MPC for Thermal Comfort and Load Allocation with Energy Auction

This paper presents a distributed predictive control methodology for indoor thermal comfort that optimizes the consumption of a limited shared energy resource using an integrated demand-side management approach that involves a power price auction and an appliance loads allocation scheme. The control objective for each subsystem (house or building) aims to minimize the energy cost while maintaining the indoor temperature inside comfort limits. In a distributed coordinated multi-agent ecosystem, each house or building control agent achieves its objectives while sharing, among them, the available energy through the introduction of particular coupling constraints in their underlying optimization problem. Coordination is maintained by a daily green energy auction bring in a demand-side management approach. Also the implemented distributed MPC algorithm is described and validated with simulation studies.

Design and evaluation of multi-band RF energy harvesting circuits and antennas for WSNs

Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is an emerging technology that will enable to drive the next generation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) without the need of using batteries. In this paper, we present RF energy harvesting circuits specifically developed for GSM bands (900/1800) and a wearable dual-band antenna suitable for possible implementation within clothes for body worn applications. Besides, we address the development and experimental characterization of three different prototypes of a five-stage Dickson voltage multiplier (with match impedance circuit) responsible for harvesting the RF energy. Different printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication techniques to produce the prototypes result in different values of conversion efficiency. Therefore, we conclude that if the PCB fabrication is achieved by means of a rigorous control in the photo-positive method and chemical bath procedure applied to the PCB it allows for attaining better values for the conversion efficiency. All three prototypes (1, 2 and 3) can power supply the IRIS sensor node for RF received powers of -4 dBm, -6 dBm and -5 dBm, and conversion efficiencies of 20, 32 and 26%, respectively. © 2014 IEEE.

Energy-Aware Routing And Grooming For IP Transport Over WDM MLR Networks

In this work a mixed integer optimization linear programming (MILP) model was applied to mixed line rate (MLR) IP over WDM and IP over OTN over WDM (with and without OTN grooming) networks, with aim to reduce network energy consumption. Energy-aware and energy-aware & short-path routing techniques were used. Simulations were made based on a real network topology as well as on forecasts of traffic matrix based on statistical data from 2005 up to 2017. Energy aware routing optimization model on IPoWDM network, showed the lowest energy consumption along all years, and once compared with energy-aware & short-path routing, has led to an overall reduction in energy consumption up to 29%, expecting to save even more than shortest-path routing. © 2014 IEEE.

Electric vehicles as a mean to reduce, energy, emissions and electricity costs

Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which obtain their fuel from the grid by charging a battery, are set to be introduced into the mass market and expected to contribute to oil consumption reduction. This research is concerned with studying the potential impacts on the electric utilities of large-scale adoption of plug-in electric vehicles from the perspective of electricity demand, fossil fuels use, CO2 emissions and energy costs. Simulations were applied to the Portuguese case study in order to analyze what would be the optimal recharge profile and EV penetration in an energy-oriented, an emissions-oriented and a cost-oriented objective. The objectives considered were: The leveling of load profiles, minimization of daily emissions and minimization of daily wholesale costs. Almost all solutions point to an off-peak recharge and a 50% reduction in daily wholesale costs can be verified from a peak recharge scenario to an off-peak recharge for a 2 million EVs in 2020. A 15% improvement in the daily total wholesale costs can be verified in the costs minimization objective when compared with the off-peak scenario result.

Energy evaporation: the new concept of indoor systems for WPT and EH embedded into the floor

This work introduces a novel idea for wireless energy transfer, proposing for the first time the unit-cell of an indoor localization and RF harvesting system embedded into the floor. The unit-cell is composed by a 5.8 GHz patch antenna surrounded by a 13.56 MHz coil. The coil locates a device and activate the patch which, connected to a power grid, radiates to wirelessly charge the localized device. The HF and RF circuits co-existence and functionality are demonstrated in this paper, the novelty of which is also in the adoption of low cost and most of all ecofriendly materials, such as wood and cork, as substrates for electronics.

CMOS indoor light energy harvesting system for wireless sensing applications

This book discusses in detail the CMOS implementation of energy harvesting. The authors describe an integrated, indoor light energy harvesting system, based on a controller circuit that dynamically and automatically adjusts its operation to meet the actual light circumstances of the environment where the system is placed. The system is intended to power a sensor node, enabling an autonomous wireless sensor network (WSN). Although designed to cope with indoor light levels, the system is also able to work with higher levels, making it an all-round light energy harvesting system. The discussion includes experimental data obtained from an integrated manufactured prototype, which in conjunction with a photovoltaic (PV) cell, serves as a proof of concept of the desired energy harvesting system. © 2016 Springer International Publishing. All rights are reserved.