A cellulose liquid crystal motor: a steam engine of the second kind

The salient feature of liquid crystal elastomers and networks is strong coupling between orientational order and mechanical strain. Orientational order can be changed by a wide variety of stimuli, including the presence of moisture. Changes in the orientation of constituents give rise to stresses and strains, which result in changes in sample shape. We have utilized this effect to build soft cellulose-based motor driven by humidity. The motor consists of a circular loop of cellulose film, which passes over two wheels. When humid air is present near one of the wheels on one side of the film, with drier air elsewhere, rotation of the wheels results. As the wheels rotate, the humid film dries. The motor runs so long as the difference in humidity is maintained. Our cellulose liquid crystal motor thus extracts mechanical work from a difference in humidity.

Intermittent claudication and physical exercise: effectiveness of a home-based program

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as a high incidence in general population and 12% to 20% of population with more than 60 years has already clinical symptoms, such as intermittent claudication (IC), pain, loss of strength and functional incapacity. There are already some studies who refer the possible positive effects of physical exercise in functional consequences of PAD.

Simple thermodynamics of jet engines

We use the first and second laws of thermodynamics to analyze the behavior of an ideal jet engine. Simple analytical expressions for the thermal efficiency, the overall efficiency, and the reduced thrust are derived. We show that the thermal efficiency depends only on the compression ratio r and on the velocity of the aircraft. The other two performance measures depend also on the ratio of the temperature at the turbine to the inlet temperature in the engine, T-3/T-i. An analysis of these expressions shows that it is not possible to choose an optimal set of values of r and T-3/T-i that maximize both the overall efficiency and thrust. We study how irreversibilities in the compressor and the turbine decrease the overall efficiency of jet engines and show that this effect is more pronounced for smaller T-3/T-i.

Influência do género na qualidade de vida em doentes com insuficiência cardíaca

A Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) é um problema da Saúde Pública: é uma síndroma com elevada morbilidade e mortalidade, identificada como causa principal de internamento hospitalar após os 65 anos na Europa. Prevê-se que a prevalência da IC possa aumentar em cerca de 50% a 70% até ao ano de 2030. É a derradeira fase da maioria das doenças cardíacas, aspecto que, associado aos progressos terapêuticos e ao aumento da esperança média de vida, faz com que a prevalência e incidência da IC continuem a aumentar. A doença afecta já cerca de 2% da população na Europa. Em Portugal, a prevalência foi de 4,36%, afectando cerca de 260.000 indivíduos. Esta é aproximadamente igual entre homens e mulheres, apresentado estas últimas um ratio ligeiramente superior. O enorme impacto social e económico desta síndroma reflecte-se na qualidade de vida (QV) dos doentes e seus familiares. Apesar da diversa investigação centrada na intervenção terapêutica na IC que tem como outcome a QV, o impacto do género nas dimensões da QV permanece controverso. O presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a influência do género na QV dos doentes com IC submetidos a terapêutica múltipla.