Optimal design of piezolaminated structures using B-spline strip finite element models

A package of B-spline finite strip models is developed for the linear analysis of piezolaminated plates and shells. This package is associated to a global optimization technique in order to enhance the performance of these types of structures, subjected to various types of objective functions and/or constraints, with discrete and continuous design variables. The models considered are based on a higher-order displacement field and one can apply them to the static, free vibration and buckling analyses of laminated adaptive structures with arbitrary lay-ups, loading and boundary conditions. Genetic algorithms, with either binary or floating point encoding of design variables, were considered to find optimal locations of piezoelectric actuators as well as to determine the best voltages applied to them in order to obtain a desired structure shape. These models provide an overall economy of computing effort for static and vibration problems.

Metodologia de tratamento de lamas e organização do balanço de massas

A gestão das lamas tornou-se uma das questões mais críticas para a indústria do tratamento das águas residuais em todo o mundo. Cada vez é mais rápido o incremento do volume de lamas produzido, como consequência do aumento do número de habitantes ligados aos sistemas de drenagem existentes e às estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR). Por outro lado os critérios de descarga nos efluentes são cada vez mais exigentes. O trabalho consiste no estudo de um modelo de cálculo para determinar os caudais e cargas orgânicas, CBO (carência bioquímica de oxigénio) e de SST (sólidos suspensos totais) dos sobrenadantes (clarificados) produzidos no tratamento das águas residuais e do tratamento das lamas com base no conhecimento dos caudais e características tratar. A elaboração do balanço de massas é a primeira ferramenta para compreender as e dimensionar uma ETAR. Este balanço permite determinar não só o incremento de caudais de sólidos e de cargas poluentes (sobrenadantes) que são reintroduzidos a montante da ETAR, como também é uma ajuda importante para o correcto dimensionamento das diversas fases de tratamento.

‘Thy love afar is spite at home' Emerson, Thoreau and Carey: an alternative perspective of communication in US

The conquest of the West by the stagecoaches and then by railway, Ford and the automobile civilization, the Moon landing by Apollo 11, Microsoft, Apple, CNN, Google and Facebook have appeared to us as celebratory examples of the willingness and ability of the US to overcome the distance and the absence through so-called modern progress of transportation and communication. Undoubtedly, the imaginary and the instrumental power associated to transports and communication of the last century and a half are identified with the mental images that the world has of the US. A world that has eagerly imported and copy their technology and technological culture. Beyond the illusions, this attempting, which has always been praised to transcende space and eclipse the time to get to places and peole increasingly distant and fast, has always a dark side: the political control of population, commercial advertising, the spread of the rumors, noise and gossip. However, since at least the nineteenth century, the political project incorporated in modern transportation and communication technologies was not shared by some of the most remarkable thinkers in the US not only in that century, but also in the 20th century. This paper begins by rescue Ralph W. Emerson and Henry D. Thoreau legacy regarding to communication. Emerson conceived communication as a give-and-take with no coordination between the two, and does not involve contact with the other. Thoreau, in turn, argued that modern trasnportation and communications inventions are but pretty toys which distract attention from serious things, nothing more than 'improved means to an end that is not perfected.' Secondly, we show that this skeptical view of the techological improvement of transport and communication was proceed in an original way with James W. Carey, a media studies thinker who became known for his criticism of the transmission view of communication.