Scaling of the elastic contribution to the surface free energy of a nematic liquid crystal on a sawtoothed substrate

We characterize the elastic contribution to the surface free energy of a nematic liquid crystal in the presence of a sawtooth substrate. Our findings are based on numerical minimization of the Landau-de Gennes model and analytical calculations on the Frank-Oseen theory. The nucleation of disclination lines (characterized by non-half-integer winding numbers) in the wedges and apexes of the substrate induces a leading order proportional to q ln q to the elastic contribution to the surface free-energy density, with q being the wave number associated with the substrate periodicity.

The risk-return trade-off in Europe: A temporal and cross-sectional analysis

This paper analyzes the risk-return trade-off in European equities considering both temporal and cross-sectional dimensions. In our analysis, we introduce not only the market portfolio but also 15 industry portfolios comprising the entire market. Several bivariate GARCH models are estimated to obtain the covariance matrix between excess market returns and the industrial portfolios and the existence of a risk-return trade-off is analyzed through a cross-sectional approach using the information in all portfolios. It is obtained evidence for a positive and significant risk-return trade-off in the European market. This conclusion is robust for different GARCH specifications and is even more evident after controlling for the main financial crisis during the sample period.

Análise empírica da informação voluntária sobre capital intelectual no setor bancário espanhol

A contabilidade financeira tradicional está perdendo relevância frente a nova economia. O valor contábil das empresas se distanciam cada vez mais do seu valor de mercado, principalmente nas organizações de alta tecnologia e serviços. Perante essa conjuntura, surge a polêmica, defendida por alguns pesquisadores, de que as demonstrações contábeis não estão mais retratando o verdadeiro valor da empresa, uma vez que o valor dos livros das empresas estão muito aquém do seu corresponente valor de mercado (Lev, 2003, p. 21-24). Esta diferença vem sendo explicada, por uma infinidade de autores como: Capital Intelectual o Ativo Intangível. Diante do que foi exposto, inegavelmente os intangíveis, nos últimos anos, ganharam mais importância para as organizações. O desafio, portanto, consiste em identificar, medir, gerir e informar o capital intelectual. Este artigo tem a finalidade de verificar, através do estudo empírico, qual a relação existente entre os modelos de capital intelectual propostos na literatura, e analisados neste trabalho, com os informes divulgados pelos bancos espanhóis. Para isto, em primeiro lugar tratamos de definir o termo Capital Intelectual (CI); em seguida apresentaremos algumas agrupações existentes de modelos de CI, para assim podermos selecionar os mais apropriados para a informação externa (reporting). Em um terceiro momento analisamos a divulgação de informes das Contas Anuais destas instituições. Por fim evidenciamos as conclusões a que chegamos, onde podemos observar que há um distanciamento entre os modelos utilizados na prática pelos bancos e os modelos teóricos.

Nematic wetting and filling of crenellated surfaces

We investigate nematic wetting and filling transitions of crenellated surfaces (rectangular gratings) by numerical minimization of the Landau-de Gennes free energy as a function of the anchoring strength, for a wide range of the surface geometrical parameters: depth, width, and separation of the crenels. We have found a rich phase behavior that depends in detail on the combination of the surface parameters. By comparison to simple fluids, which undergo a continuous filling or unbending transition, where the surface changes from a dry to a filled state, followed by a wetting or unbinding transition, where the thickness of the adsorbed fluid becomes macroscopic and the interface unbinds from the surface, nematics at crenellated surfaces reveal an intriguingly rich behavior: in shallow crenels only wetting is observed, while in deep crenels, only filling transitions occur; for intermediate surface geometrical parameters, a new class of filled states is found, characterized by bent isotropic-nematic interfaces, which persist for surfaces structured on large scales, compared to the nematic correlation length. The global phase diagram displays two wet and four filled states, all separated by first-order transitions. For crenels in the intermediate regime re-entrant filling transitions driven by the anchoring strength are observed.

Complex fluids at complex surfaces simply complicated

We study wetting and filling of patterned surfaces by a nematic liquid crystal. We focus on three important classes of periodic surfaces: triangular, sinusoidal and rectangular. The results highlight the similarities and differences of nematic wetting of these surfaces and wetting by simple fluids. The interplay of geometry, surface and elastic energies can lead to the suppression of either filling or wetting. The periodic rectangular surface displays re-entrant transitions, with a sequence dry-filled-wet-filled, in the relevant region of parameter space.

Filling and wetting transitions of nematic liquid crystals on sinusoidal substrates

Close to sinusoidal substrates, simple fluids may undergo a filling transition, in which the fluid passes from a dry to a filled state, where the interface remains unbent but bound to the substrate. Increasing the surface field, the interface unbinds and a wetting transition occurs. We show that this double-transition sequence may be strongly modified in the case of ordered fluids, such as nematic liquid crystals. Depending on the preferred orientation of the nematic molecules at the structured substrate and at the isotropic-nematic interface, the filling transition may not exist, and the fluid passes directly from a dry to a complete-wet state, with the interface far from the substrate. More interestingly, in other situations, the complete wetting transition may be prevented, and the fluid passes from a dry to a filled state, and remains in this configuration, with the interface always attached to the substrate, even for very large surface fields. Both transitions are observed only for a same substrate in a narrow range of amplitudes.