Diagnostic performance of visual screening tests in the elderly

This study aimed to determine and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of visual screening tests for detecting vision loss in elderly. This study is defined as study of diagnostic performance. The diagnostic accuracy of 5 visual tests -near convergence point, near accommodation point, stereopsis, contrast sensibility and amsler grid—was evaluated by means of the ROC method (receiver operating characteristics curves), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+/LR−). Visual acuity was used as the reference standard. A sample of 44 elderly aged 76.7 years (±9.32), who were institutionalized, was collected. The curves of contrast sensitivity and stereopsis are the most accurate (area under the curves were 0.814−p = 0.001, C.I.95%[0.653;0.975]— and 0.713−p = 0.027, C.I.95%[0,540;0,887], respectively). The scores with the best diagnostic validity for the stereopsis test were 0.605 (sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.54; LR+ 1.89, LR−0.24) and 0.610 (sensitivity 0.81, specificity 0.54; LR+1.75, LR−0.36). The scores with higher diagnostic validity for the contrast sensibility test were 0.530 (sensitivity 0.94, specificity 0.69; LR+ 3.04, LR−0.09). The contrast sensitivity and stereopsis test's proved to be clinically useful in detecting vision loss in the elderly.

Simple thermodynamics of jet engines

We use the first and second laws of thermodynamics to analyze the behavior of an ideal jet engine. Simple analytical expressions for the thermal efficiency, the overall efficiency, and the reduced thrust are derived. We show that the thermal efficiency depends only on the compression ratio r and on the velocity of the aircraft. The other two performance measures depend also on the ratio of the temperature at the turbine to the inlet temperature in the engine, T-3/T-i. An analysis of these expressions shows that it is not possible to choose an optimal set of values of r and T-3/T-i that maximize both the overall efficiency and thrust. We study how irreversibilities in the compressor and the turbine decrease the overall efficiency of jet engines and show that this effect is more pronounced for smaller T-3/T-i.

Essential oils of Origanum vulgare L. subsp glandulosum (Desf.) letswaart from Tunisia: chemical composition and antioxidant activity

BACKGROUND: Characterisation of the essential oils from O. glandulosum collected in three locations of Tunisia, chemical composition and the evaluation of their antioxidant activities were carried out. RESULTS: The essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) letswaart collected from three localities of north Tunisia - Krib, Bargou and Nefza - were obtained in yields of 2.5, 3.0 and 4.6% (v/w), respectively. The essential oils were analysed by GC and GC/MS and assayed for their total phenolics content, by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant effectiveness, using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The main components of these essential oils, from Nefza, Bargou and Krib, were p-cymene (36%, 40% and 46%), thymol (32%, 39% and 18%), gamma-terpinene (24%, 12% and 16%) and carvacrol (2%, 2% and 15%), respectively). The ability to scavenge the DPPH radicals, expressed by IC50, ranged from 59 to 80 mg L-1. The total phenolic content, expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g kg(-1) dry weight, varied from 9.37 to 17.70 g kg(-1) dw. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation was identified between the total phenolic content of the essential oils and DPPH radical scavenger capacity. The occurrence of a p-cymene chemotype of O. glandulosum in the northern region of Tunisia is demonstrated.

Remodelação de um piso e criação de um novo, e respectivo dimensionamento estrutural, num edifício hospitalar de 1925

O presente relatório de estágio resulta do acompanhamento da ampliação do corpo de um edifício hospitalar, cujo inicio da construção remonta ao ano de 1925, face às normas europeias em vigor. Inicialmente e com o objectivo supra mencionado foi elaborado um Estudo Prévio com base em determinadas características do edificado existente que no entanto não se comprovaram. Face ao sucedido e em resultado do cariz da intervenção prevista foi necessário avaliar as condições de segurança estrutural do edificado existente, sendo que, na indisponibilidade da obtenção do Projecto de Estabilidade do mesmo, foi inevitável proceder à sua reconstituição geométrica, de forma a executar um modelo de análise tridimensional. Analisadas as condições de segurança estrutural do edificado existente proceder-se-ia à caracterização da estrutura de ampliação.

O conhecimento da língua: percursos de desenvolvimento

A partir do momento em que a criança nasce, é exposta a enunciados de fala de uma dada comunidade linguística e inicia o processo de aquisição da(s) língua(s) dessa comunidade, com o objectivo de comunicar com os seus membros. Este processo de aquisição é longo e, contrariamente ao que é assumido na generalidade, não se encontra concluído à entrada na escola. Como veremos nas secções seguintes, múltiplos aspectos relativos à estrutura das palavras, das frases e do discurso não se encontram estabilizados no momento em que a criança inicia o 1.o Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Desadequações entre o sistema linguístico da criança e os conteúdos evocados na sala de aula podem contribuir para o insucesso escolar. Cada professor deve, assim, estar atento à (i)maturidade linguística dos seus alunos e agir tendo em conta o seu perfil linguístico. Nesta publicação, temos como objectivo central dar conta de como o desenvolvimento linguístico está inter-relacionado com o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem no 1.o Ciclo do Ensino Básico, sobretudo nos primeiros anos, condicionando-o de forma significativa. Na secção 1, trataremos questões gerais sobre o desenvolvimento linguístico em curso durante o 1.o Ciclo. Na secção 2, reflectiremos sobre aspectos linguísticos de aquisição precoce e de aquisição tardia, no sentido de fornecer aos professores um ponto de referência para a identificação de eventuais problemas no desenvolvimento linguístico dos seus alunos. Apresentaremos, na secção 3, propostas de actividades a desenvolver com os alunos, que permitam estimular e promover a compreensão e a produção linguísticas orais e escritas, dando especial atenção aos aspectos que emergem ou se consolidam mais tardiamente e aos que colocam dificuldades particulares.

Medication regimen complexity in institutionalized elderly people in an aging society

Background: Complex medication regimens may adversely affect compliance and treatment outcomes. Complexity can be assessed with the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI), which has proved to be a valid, reliable tool, with potential uses in both practice and research. Objective: To use the MRCI to assess medication regimen complexity in institutionalized elderly people. Setting: Five nursing homes in mainland Portugal. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of institutionalized elderly people (n = 415) was performed from March to June 2009, including all inpatients aged 65 and over taking at least one medication per day. Main outcome measure: Medication regimen complexity index. Results: The mean age of the sample was 83.9 years (±6.6 years), and 60.2 % were women. The elderly patients were taking a large number of drugs, with 76.6 % taking more than five medications per day. The average medication regimen complexity was 18.2 (±SD = 9.6), and was higher in the females (p < 0.001). The most decisive factors contributing to the complexity were the number of drugs and dosage frequency. In regimens with the same number of medications, schedule was the most relevant factor in the final score (r = 0.922), followed by pharmaceutical forms (r = 0.768) and additional instructions (r = 0.742). Conclusion: Medication regimen complexity proved to be high. There is certainly potential for the pharmacist's intervention to reduce it as part as the medication review routine in all the patients.

Influence of the substrate on structure and magnetic properties of Co-N thin films

Cubic cobalt nitride films were grown onto different single crystalline substrates Al2O3 (0 0 0 1) and (1 1 View the MathML source 0), MgO (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) and TiO2 (1 0 0) and (1 1 0). The films display low atomic densities compared with the bulk material, are ferromagnetic and have metallic electrical conductivity. X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure confirm the cubic structure of the films and with RBS results indicate that samples are not homogeneous at the microscopic scale, coexisting Co4+xN nitride with nitrogen rich regions. The magnetization of the films decreases with increase of the nitrogen content, variation that is shown to be due to the decrease of the cobalt density, and not to a decrease of the magnetic moment per cobalt ion. The films are crystalline with a nitrogen deficient stoichiometry and epitaxial with orientation determined by the substrate.