5' and 3' UTR thymidylate synthase polymorphisms modulate the risk of colorectal cancer independently of the intake of methyl group donors

Thymidylate synthase, as a rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis, catalyses the conversion of dUMP into dTMP using 5,10-methylenotetrahydrofolate as the methyl donor. Two polymorphisms have been described in this gene: a repeat polymorphism in the 5' promoter enhancer region (3R versus 2R) and a 6 bp deletion in the 3' unstranslated region. Both of these may affect protein levels. The present case control study was aimed at investigating the influence of these two polymorphisms on the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as their potential interaction with folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake. A total of 196 cases and 200 controls, matched for age and sex distribution, were included in the study. No association was found between CRC and the 28 bp repeat polymorphism, but it was observed that individuals with the 6 bp/del and del/del genotypes had a significantly lower risk of developing the disease (OR=0.47; 95% CI 0.30-0.72). A combined genotype (2R/2R; 6 bp/del+del/del) was also found, which was associated with an even lower risk of developing of the disease (OR=0.42; 95% CI 0.26-0.69). No significant interaction between these polymorphisms and vitamin intake was observed. These results indicate for the first time that the 6 bp/del allele might be a protective factor in the development of CRC, independent of the intake of methyl group donors.

Estudo do comportamento reológico de sistemas complexos micelares

O surfactante Brometo de Cetiltrimetilamónio (CTAB), quando dissolvido em água, agrega-se espontaneamente em micelas, que crescem uniaxialmente após introdução de aditivos, tornando-se elongadas e sucessivamente mais entrelaçadas. Apresenta-se um estudo reológico para este surfactante, usando diferentes aditivos com o objectivo de produzir fluidos que exibem reologia manipulável, por influência da temperatura, concentração de aditivos e condições de iluminação (ausência ou irradiação com luz UV, no sistema foto-reológico). A caracterização dos sistemas é feita recorrendo a ensaios de fluxo em escoamento estacionário, de varrimento de temperatura, dinâmicos e de espectrofotometria. No sistema neutro (pH=7), os aditivos são os sais Salicilato de Sódio (NaSal) e Brometo de Potássio (KBr), onde se demonstra que o NaSal promove mais eficazmente o crescimento micelar que o KBr. O sistema passa de ter um comportamento próximo do Newtoniano a baixas concentrações de aditivos para um comportamento não-Newtoniano quando a composição está acima da concentração crítica de sobreposição, exibindo fenómenos de reofluidificação e reoespessamento; adicionalmente, o tempo de relaxação aumenta. As alterações reológicas que surgem com o aumento da temperatura devem-se à diminuição do comprimento micelar. O sistema ácido (pH=2) obtém-se adicionando Ácido Salicílico(HSal) em substituição do NaSal. O seu comportamento reológico é qualitativamente comparável ao sistema contendo NaSal, apesar dos valores de viscosidade serem no geral menores. Ao sistema ácido adiciona-se o composto fotocrómico trans-2,4,4,-Trihidroxichalcone (Chalcone), originando um sistema foto-reológico. Em soluções micelares de CTAB a pH ácido, o Chalcone exibe fotocromismo, mudança de cor reversível após irradiação no UV. Diferentes estados conformacionais associados com diferentes colorações estão também associados com diferentes afinidades de residir dentro ou fora das micelas, sugerindo que uma transferência de Chalcone, induzida por irradiação, entre o espaço intra e inter micelar pode ser usada para manipular o comprimento das micelas e consequentemente as propriedades reológicas intrínsecas. As alterações foto-reológicas são reversíveis por um processo de relaxação térmica, a taxas que dependem do pH.

Determination of chitin content in fungal cell wall: an alternative flow cytometric method

The conventional methods used to evaluate chitin content in fungi, such as biochemical assessment of glucosamine release after acid hydrolysis or epifluorescence microscopy, are low throughput, laborious, time-consuming, and cannot evaluate a large number of cells. We developed a flow cytometric assay, efficient, and fast, based on Calcofluor White staining to measure chitin content in yeast cells. A staining index was defined, its value was directly related to chitin amount and taking into consideration the different levels of autofluorecence. Twenty-two Candida spp. and four Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates with distinct susceptibility profiles to caspofungin were evaluated. Candida albicans clinical isolate SC5314, and isogenic strains with deletions in chitin synthase 3 (chs3Δ/chs3Δ) and genes encoding predicted Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (pga31Δ/Δ and pga62Δ/Δ), were used as controls. As expected, the wild-type strain displayed a significant higher chitin content (P < 0.001) than chs3Δ/chs3Δ and pga31Δ/Δ especially in the presence of caspofungin. Ca. parapsilosis, Ca. tropicalis, and Ca. albicans showed higher cell wall chitin content. Although no relationship between chitin content and antifungal drug susceptibility phenotype was found, an association was established between the paradoxical growth effect in the presence of high caspofungin concentrations and the chitin content. This novel flow cytometry protocol revealed to be a simple and reliable assay to estimate cell wall chitin content of fungi.

Risk of colorectal cancer associated with the C677T polymorphism in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in Portuguese patients depends on the intake of methyl-donor nutrients

Background: Polymorphisms located in genes involved in the metabolism of folate and some methyl-related nutrients are implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: We evaluated the association of 3 genetic polymorphisms [C677T MTHFR (methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase), A2756G MTR (methionine synthase), and C1420T SHMT (serine hydroxymethyltransferase)] with the intake of methyl-donor nutrients in CRC risk. Design: Patients withCRC(n 196) and healthy controls (n 200) matched for age and sex were evaluated for intake of methyl-donor nutrients and the 3 polymorphisms. Results: Except for folate intake, which was significantly lower in patients (P 0.02), no differences were observed in the dietary intake of other methyl-donor nutrients between groups. High intake of folate ( 406.7 g/d) was associated with a significantly lower risk of CRC (odds ratio: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.99). The A2756G MTR polymorphism was not associated with the risk of developing CRC. In contrast, homozygosity for the C677TMTHFRvariant (TT) presented a 3.0-fold increased risk of CRC (95% CI: 1.3, 6.7). Similarly, homozygosity for the C1420T SHMT polymorphism also had a 2.6-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.1, 5.9) of developing CRC. When interactions between variables were studied, low intake of all methyl-donor nutrients was associated with an increased risk ofCRC in homozygous participants for the C677T MTHFR polymorphism, but a statistically significant interaction was only observed for folate (odds ratio: 14.0; 95% CI: 1.8, 108.5). No significant associations were seen for MTR or SHMT polymorphisms. Conclusion: These results show an association between the C677T MTHFR variant and different folate intakes on risk of CRC.