Image quality of myocardial perfusion-gated studies: effect of ingestion of different fat content in the reduction of extra-myocardial abdominal signal

Myocardial perfusion-gated-SPECT (MP-gated-SPECT) imaging often shows radiotracer uptake in abdominal organs. This accumulation interferes frequently with qualitative and quantitative assessment of the infero-septal region of myocardium. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of ingestion of different fat content on the reduction of extra-myocardial uptake and to improve MP-gated-SPECT image quality. In this study, 150 patients (65 ^ 18 years) who were referred for MP-gated-SPECT underwent a 1-day-protocol including imaging after stress (physical or pharmacological) and resting conditions. All patients gave written informed consent. Patients were subdivided into five groups: GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV. In the first four groups, patients ate two chocolate bars with different fat content. Patients in GV – control group (CG) – had just water. Uptake indices (UI) of myocardium (M)/liver(L) and M/stomach–proximal bowel(S) revealed lower UI of M/S at rest in all groups. Both stress and rest studies using different food intake indicate that patients who ate chocolate with different fat content showed better UI of M/L than the CG. The UI of M/L and M/S of groups obtained under physical stress are clearly superior to that of groups obtained under pharmacological stress. These differences are only significant in patients who ate high-fat chocolate or drank water. The analysis of all stress studies together (GI, GII, GIII and GIV) in comparison with CG shows higher mean ranks of UI of M/L for those who ate high-fat chocolate. After pharmacological stress, the mean ranks of UI of M/L were higher for patients who ate high- and low-fat chocolate. In conclusion, eating food with fat content after radiotracer injection increases, respectively, the UI of M/L after stress and rest in MP-gated-SPECT studies. It is, therefore, recommended that patients eat a chocolate bar after radiotracer injection and before image acquisition.

A comparison of two attenuation correction methods in 111In-Pentetriotide abdominal SPECT

Tomographic image can be degraded, partially by patient based attenuation. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively verify the effects of attenuation correction methods Chang and CT in 111In studies through the analysis of profiles from abdominal SPECT, correspondent to a uniform radionuclide uptake organ, the left kidney.

Relações morfológicas entre a aorta torácica avaliada por ecocardiografia e a aorta abdominal estudada por ultrassonografia

Mestrado em Tecnologia de Diagnóstico e Intervenção Cardiovascular - Área de especialização em Ultrassonografia Cardiovascular.

Estimativa do risco de carcinogénese associado à radiação X no cateterismo ureteral "duplo J"

Introdução: Porque o cateterismo ureteral “duplo J” implica a exposição do doente a radiação X, com tempos de exposição consideráveis, incidentes numa região anatómica constituída por diversos órgãos, existem dúvidas em relação aos riscos associados à dose de radiação acumulada pelos doentes. O objectivo deste trabalho centrou-se em clarificar estas dúvidas através da estimação quantitativa do risco de carcinogénese associado à dose de radiação. Método: Foram estudados dados relativos a 146 doentes submetidos a procedimentos de cateterismo ureteral “duplo J” no Serviço de Urologia do Hospital de Santa Maria (HSM). As doses eficazes foram determinadas através de métodos Monte Carlo. O risco de carcinogénese foi estimado com base na relação linear dose/efeito, sem limiar de dose, por coeficientes de probabilidade. Resultados: Como resultados mais relevantes, estimou-se que 1 colocação seguida de 1 extracção do cateter “duplo J” proporciona ao doente um risco acrescido de carcinogénese de 0,012%, ou seja, cerca de 1 doente em 8330 desenvolve cancro radio-induzido. Estima-se também, por exemplo, que um doente submetido a 1 colocação, 1 substituição e 1 extracção é, em média, submetido a uma dose eficaz de 4,47mSv, valor de dose semelhante ao proporcionado por uma TC abdominal. Conclusão: Quando comparamos os riscos associados à radiação com o benefício clínico de “poupar” a função renal, concluímos que os benefícios são inestimavelmente mais importantes que os riscos. De qualquer forma, verificamos que existe sempre, ainda que relativamente baixo, algum risco associado aos níveis de dose. Assim, os princípios da Justificação e da Optimização deverão ser sempre equacionados neste tipo de procedimentos.

Comparison of body fat content and distribution of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy patients versus healthy subjects

The deposition of amyloid fibers at the peripheral nervous system can induce motor neuropathy in Familial Amiloidotic Polyneuropethy (FAP) patients. This produces progressive reductions in functional capacity. The only treatment for FAP is a liver transplant, followed by aggressive medication that can affect patients' metabolism. To our knowledge, there are no data on body fat distribution or comparison between healthy and FAP subjects, which may be important for clinical assessment and management of this disease. PURPOSE: To analyze body fat content and distribution between FAP patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Body fat content and distribution were measured through Double Energy X-ray Densitometry (DXA) in two groups. Group 1 consisted of 43 Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy patients (19 males, 32 + 8 Yrs, and 24 females, 37 + 5 yrs), who had liver transplant less than 2 months before. Group 2 consisted of 18 healthy subjects of similar age (8 males, 36 + 7 yrs, and 10 females, 39 + 5 yrs). RESULTS: Healthy subjects showed higher values than FAP patients for: BMI (24,2+2,3kg/m2 vs 22,3+3,8 kg/m2 respectively, p<0,05), % trunk BF (26,21+8,34kg vs 20,78+9,05kg respectively, p<0,05), % visceral BF (24,43+7,97% vs 19,21+9,30% respectively, p<0,05), % abdominal BF (26,63+8,51% vs 20,63+10,35% respectively, p<0,05) abdominal subcutaneous BF (0,533+0,421kg vs 0,353+0,257kg respectively, p=0,05), abdominal BF/BF ratio (0,09+0,02 vs 0,08+0,02 respectively, p<0,05) and abdominal BF/trunk BF ratio (0,19+0,03 vs 0,17+0,03 respectively, p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that FAP patients soon after liver transplantation exhibited a healthier body fat profile compared to controls. However, fat content and distribution varied widely in FAP subjects, suggesting an individualized approach for assessment and intervention rather than general guidelines. Future research is needed to investigate the long term consequences on body fat following liver transplant in this population.

Active and passive behaviors of soft tissues: Pelvic floor muscles

: A new active-contraction visco-elastic numerical model of the pelvic floor (skeletal) muscle is presented. Our model includes all elements that represent the muscle constitutive behavior, contraction and relaxation. In contrast with the previous models, the activation function can be null. The complete equations are shown and exactly linearized. Small verification and validation tests are performed and the pelvis is modeled using the data from the intra-abdominal pressure tests

Alimentação, composição corporal e cancro da mama

Introdução – A nível mundial, o cancro da mama é o tipo de cancro mais frequente nas mulheres. Estudos têm sugerido que os fatores de estilo de vida (alimentação, consumo de álcool, atividade física) e a adiposidade corporal estão implicados na sua etiologia, sobretudo nos tumores diagnosticados após a menopausa. O objetivo deste artigo foi o de identificar quais os fatores nutricionais e de composição corporal implicados na etiologia da doença e qual a sua relação. Metodologia – Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura referente a estudos de revisão, de coorte e experimentais, de acordo com a temática em estudo. Resultados – As mulheres obesas têm maior risco de desenvolver cancro da mama após a menopausa e a adiposidade corporal, localizada na região abdominal, é também fator de risco. A obesidade, além de fator promotor, relaciona-se inversamente com o prognóstico da doença. Relativamente ao padrão alimentar, a ingestão de ácidos gordos saturados confere risco, ainda que com uma associação fraca e, com uma associação modesta, a dieta mediterrânica parece estar associada a um menor risco de cancro da mama pós-menopausa. Conclusão – A adoção de um estilo de vida saudável (alimentação e atividade física) e a obtenção/manutenção de um peso corporal saudável devem ser encorajados para prevenir o cancro da mama. Mais estudos devem ser realizados no futuro para consolidar a associação com outras variáveis dietéticas. ABSTRACT - Background – Breast cancer is worldwide the most common cancer in women. Studies have suggested that lifestyle such as nutrition, alcohol intake and physical activity are enrolled in aetiology, especially in postmenopausal tumours. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between nutritional factors and body composition with the disease. Methods – A selective review of the literature for recent studies and meta-analyses on this topic. Results – Obese women have higher risk to develop breast cancer after menopause. Abdominal adiposity is also a risk factor. Obesity, beside of promote the disease, is also a negative factor of prognoses. In respect to dietary pattern, the intake of saturated fatty acids seems to attribute risk, even if with a weak association. Although with a modest association, Mediterranean diet may be associated with lower breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Conclusion – Adopt a healthy lifestyle (nutrition and physical activity) and maintain a healthy body weight should be encouraged to prevent breast cancer. Future research should focus other dietary variables already investigated but still with no clear evidence.

O efeito da drenagem linfática manual e das bandas neuromusculares na reabilitação pós-lipoaspiração para reconstrução mamária: estudo de caso

Introdução – A reconstrução mamária, no processo pós-cancro da mama, poderá ser levada a cabo através da lipoaspiração cujas consequências poderão ser ultrapassadas através da fisioterapia. Objetivo – Verificar, num estudo de caso, os resultados da drenagem linfática manual (DLM) e das bandas neuromusculares (BNM) na dor, edema, hematoma e pigmentação do abdómen e mamas após lipoaspiração para reconstrução mamária. Metodologia – Uma paciente foi sujeita a 10 sessões de fisioterapia com aplicação de DLM e BNM. Em cada sessão foram avaliados, nas mamas e no abdómen, a dor, o edema, o hematoma e a pigmentação. Resultados – Eliminação da dor, desaparecimento do hematoma abdominal, normalização da pigmentação mamária e diminuição do edema. Conclusão – Neste estudo de caso, a DLM e as BNM melhoram as consequências no pós-cirúrgico de lipoaspiração para reconstrução mamária. ABSTRACT - Introduction – Breast reconstruction, post breast cancer, can be carried out through liposuction which consequences may be overcomed through physiotherapy. Objective – Check, in a study case, the results of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) and neuromuscular bandages (NMB) in pain, edema, bruising and pigmentation on abdomen and breasts, after liposuction for breast reconstruction. Methodology – A patient underwent 10 sessions of physiotherapy with application of MLD and NMB. In each session were evaluated breast and abdomen pain, edema, bruising and pigmentation. Results – Elimination of pain, disappearance of abdominal hematoma, normalization of breast pigmentation and reduction of edema. Conclusion – In this study case, MLD and NMB improve the consequences of post-surgical liposuction for breast reconstruction.

Obstipação: caracterização do atendimento prestado por profissionais de farmácia em farmácias comunitárias do distrito de Lisboa

A obstipação aguda simples caracteriza-se como sendo uma situação clínica de duração não superior a três a cinco dias, em que o indivíduo apresenta algum desconforto abdominal, mas não manifesta nenhum outro sintoma mais grave. O que requer o atendimento em farmácia comunitária? Fazer um plano do atendimento, avaliação clínica do doente, registar os elementos principais da avaliação clínica, resumir e decidir o tratamento, aconselhamento. Objectivo do estudo: caracterizar o atendimento efectuado por profissionais de farmácia que exercem funções em farmácias comunitárias do distrito de Lisboa, perante uma situação simulada de obstipação aguda simples, com recurso à utilização de uma grelha de observação.

Finite element studies of the mechanical behaviour of the diaphragm in normal and pathological cases

The diaphragm is a muscular membrane separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities, and its motion is directly linked to respiration. In this study, using data from a 59-year-old female cadaver obtained from the Visible Human Project, the diaphragm is reconstructed and, from the corresponding solid object, a shell finite element mesh is generated and used in several analyses performed with the ABAQUS 6.7 software. These analyses consider the direction of the muscle fibres and the incompressibility of the tissue. The constitutive model for the isotropic strain energy as well as the passive and active strain energy stored in the fibres is adapted from Humphrey's model for cardiac muscles. Furthermore, numerical results for the diaphragmatic floor under pressure and active contraction in normal and pathological cases are presented.

Magnesium, insulin resistance and body composition in healthy postmenopausal women

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the association between magnesium (Mg), body composition and insulin resistance in 136 sedentary postmenopausal women, 50 to 77 years of age. Methods: Diabetics, hypertensives and women on hormonal replacement therapy were excluded and the remaining 74 were divided according to BMI≥25 (obese: OG) and BMI<25 kg/m2 (non-obese: NOG). Nutritional data disclosed that intakes were high for protein and saturated fat, low for carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fat and Mg and normal for the other nutrients, according to recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Mg values in red blood cells (RBC-Mg) and plasma (P-Mg), were determined, as were fasting glucose, and insulin levels, Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA), body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (BF %), abdominal fat (AF) and free fat mass (FFM). Results: RBC-Mg values were low in both groups when compared with normal values. There were significant differences in body composition parameters, HOMA and insulin levels, with higher basal insulin levels in OG. RBC-Mg was directly correlated with insulin, HOMA and FFM in both groups, according to Pearson correlations. HOMA in OG was also directly correlated with BMI, FFM and AF. In NOG, HOMA was only correlated with FFM. The low RBC-Mg levels observed were probably due to low Mg intake and to deregulation of factors that control Mg homeostasis during menopause. Conclusions: Both Mg deficit and obesity may independently lead to a higher risk for insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.