Adolescentes e comportamentos de saúde

Muitos jovens hoje, e segundo as tendências apontadas em diversos estudos, muitos mais no futuro, estão em risco de vida, de adquirir doenças, deficiências e incapacidades, entre outras consequências negativas para a saúde. Uma questão que se destaca neste cenário é a origem deste risco. Enquanto que anteriormente as causas da mortalidade e morbilidade nos jovens estavam associadas a factores de ordem biomédica, hoje essas causas estão essencialmente associadas a factores de origem social, ambiental e comportamental. Comportamento e estilo de vida são, então, determinantes cruciais para a saúde, doença, deficiência/incapacidade e mortalidade prematura. Dentro dos estilos de vida que colocam em risco a saúde, o bem-estar e muitas vezes a própria vida dos jovens, encontra-se um largo conjunto de comportamentos, nomeadamente o consumo de substâncias (álcool, tabaco, drogas, medicamentos), a violência, o suicídio, os acidentes, as desordens alimentares, a gravidez na adolescência e as doenças sexualmente transmitidas. Como já foi referido, é evidente que estes comportamentos têm consequências negativas a nível pessoal. Para além deste tipo de consequências encontram-se também as consequências a nível social que se poderão traduzir em diversas dimensões de desvantagem social, nomeadamente na integração social e na independência económica. Outros tipos de “custos” são os encargos económicos que a sociedade tem que suportar para cuidados de saúde, reabilitação e institucionalização dos jovens. A perspectiva de que a construção da saúde e do bem-estar desde o início pode prevenir sérios e dispendiosos problemas para o indivíduo e para a sociedade tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas. Organismos como o Conselho da Europa ou a Organização Mundial de Saúde salientam nas suas directrizes a prevenção primária como uma parte importante dos programas nacionais de saúde e educação. Neste âmbito torna-se importante realçar três aspectos que se destacam nestas directrizes. Em primeiro, a necessidade de uma intervenção preventiva precoce, dado que a flexibilidade da criança e do jovem fazem deles alvos ideais para os programas de prevenção, a serem implementados em contextos vocacionados para a promoção do desenvolvimento do indivíduo, nomeadamente o contexto escolar. Em segundo lugar, a noção de que qualquer intervenção integrada num âmbito preventivo não se deve limitar aos momentos de crise ou a prevenir crises. Deverá para além disso promover e optimizar a capacidade de tomar decisões e, consequentemente, a autonomia do jovem. Em terceiro lugar, a importância de incluir os principais contextos de vida e os seus intervenientes nestes processos, dado estes constituírem uma das principais influências na vida dos adolescentes.

Colour filtering in a-SiC : H based p-i-n-p-i-n cells: A trade-off between bias polarity and absorption regions

A large area colour imager optically addressed is presented. The colour imager consists of a thin wide band gap p-i-n a-SiC:H filtering element deposited on the top of a thick large area a-SiC:H(-p)/a-Si:H(-i)/a-SiC:H(-n) image sensor, which reveals itself an intrinsic colour filter. In order to tune the external applied voltage for full colour discrimination the photocurrent generated by a modulated red light is measured under different optical and electrical bias. Results reveal that the integrated device behaves itself as an imager and a filter giving information not only on the position where the optical image is absorbed but also on it wavelength and intensity. The amplitude and sign of the image signals are electrically tuneable. In a wide range of incident fluxes and under reverse bias, the red and blue image signals are opposite in sign and the green signal is suppressed allowing blue and red colour recognition. The green information is obtained under forward bias, where the blue signal goes down to zero and the red and green remain constant. Combining the information obtained at this two applied voltages a RGB colour image picture can be acquired without the need of the usual colour filters or pixel architecture. A numerical simulation supports the colour filter analysis.

Optical confinement and colour separation in a double colour laser scanned photodiode (D/CLSP)

Large area n-i-p-n-i-p a-SiC:H heterostructures are used as sensing element in a double colour laser scanned photodiode image sensor (D/CLSP). This work aims to clarify possible improvements, physical limits and performance of CLSP image sensor when used as non-pixel image reader. Here, the image capture device and the scanning reader are optimized and the effects of the sensor structure on the output characteristics discussed. The role of the design of the sensing element, the doped layer composition and thickness, the read-out parameters (applied voltage and scanner frequency) on the image acquisition and the colour detection process are analysed. A physical model is presented and supported by a numerical simulation of the output characteristics of the sensor.

a-SiCH Based Devices as Optical Demultiplexers

In this paper we present results on the use of a multilayered a-SiC:H heterostructure as a wavelength-division demultiplexing device (WDM) for the visible light spectrum. The WDM device is a glass/ITO/a-SiC:H (p-i-n)/ a-SiC:H(-p) /Si:H(-i)/SiC:H (-n)/ITO heterostructure in which the generated photocurrent at different values of the applied bias can be assigned to the different optical signals. The device was characterized through spectral response measurements, under different electrical bias. Demonstration of the device functionality for WDM applications was done with three different input channels covering wavelengths within the visible range. The recovery of the input channels is explained using the photocurrent spectral dependence on the applied voltage. The influence of the optical power density was also analysed. An electrical model, supported by a numerical simulation explains the device operation. Short range optical communications constitute the major application field, however other applications are also foreseen.

Comparing wind generation profiles: A circular data approach

The importance of wind power energy for energy and environmental policies has been growing in past recent years. However, because of its random nature over time, the wind generation cannot be reliable dispatched and perfectly forecasted, becoming a challenge when integrating this production in power systems. In addition the wind energy has to cope with the diversity of production resulting from alternative wind power profiles located in different regions. In 2012, Portugal presented a cumulative installed capacity distributed over 223 wind farms [1]. In this work the circular data statistical methods are used to analyze and compare alternative spatial wind generation profiles. Variables indicating extreme situations are analyzed. The hour (s) of the day where the farm production attains its maximum daily production is considered. This variable was converted into circular variable, and the use of circular statistics enables to identify the daily hour distribution for different wind production profiles. This methodology was applied to a real case, considering data from the Portuguese power system regarding the year 2012 with a 15-minutes interval. Six geographical locations were considered, representing different wind generation profiles in the Portuguese system.In this work the circular data statistical methods are used to analyze and compare alternative spatial wind generation profiles. Variables indicating extreme situations are analyzed. The hour (s) of the day where the farm production attains its maximum daily production is considered. This variable was converted into circular variable, and the use of circular statistics enables to identify the daily hour distribution for different wind production profiles. This methodology was applied to a real case, considering data from the Portuguese power system regarding the year 2012 with a 15-minutes interval. Six geographical locations were considered, representing different wind generation profiles in the Portuguese system.