Dosimetric effect by shallow air cavities in high energy electron beams

This study evaluates the dosimetric impact caused by an air cavity located at 2 mm depth from the top surface in a PMMA phantom irradiated by electron beams produced by a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. A systematic evaluation of the effect related to the cavity area and thickness as well as to the electron beam energy was performed by using Monte Carlo simulations (EGSnrc code), Pencil Beam algorithm and Gafchromic EBT2 films. A home-PMMA phantom with the same geometry as the simulated one was specifically constructed for the measurements. Our results indicate that the presence of the cavity causes an increase (up to 70%) of the dose maximum value as well as a shift forward of the position of the depthedose curve, compared to the homogeneous one. Pronounced dose discontinuities in the regions close to the lateral cavity edges are observed. The shape and magnitude of these discontinuities change with the dimension of the cavity. It is also found that the cavity effect is more pronounced (6%) for the 12 MeV electron beam and the presence of cavities with large thickness and small area introduces more significant variations (up to 70%) on the depthedose curves. Overall, the Gafchromic EBT2 film measurements were found in agreement within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations and predict well the fine details of the dosimetric change near the cavity interface. The Pencil Beam calculations underestimate the dose up to 40% compared to Monte Carlo simulations; in particular for the largest cavity thickness (2.8 cm).

Sobre a Cornucópia: esboço de retrato de 40 Anos de idade

Reflexão sobre a Cornucópia no ano em que comemorou 40 anos de idade.

A importância dos activos intangíveis nas empresas não financeiras dos índices PSI 20, IBEX 35 e CAC 40

Mestrado em Contabilidade

New textures for the lepton mass matrices

We study predictive textures for the lepton mass matrices in which the charged-lepton mass matrix has either four or five zero matrix elements while the neutrino Majorana mass matrix has, respectively, either four or three zero matrix elements. We find that all the viable textures of these two kinds share many predictions: the neutrino mass spectrum is inverted, the sum of the light-neutrino masses is close to 0.1 eV, the Dirac phase delta in the lepton mixing matrix is close to either 0 or pi, and the mass term responsible for neutrinoless double-beta decay lies in between 12 and 22 meV. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.

A prova do tempo: 40 anos de constituição

Uma constituição não é um pacto eterno. Mas tão pouco deve mudar com a flutuação das modas políticas. A Constituição portuguesa tem agora quarenta anos. No decurso destas quatro décadas foi sendo alterada no Parlamento, de acordo com os processos que os constituintes estabeleceram. No que permaneceu e no que foi mudando, ela foi representando a vontade presumida do povo, avaliada de acordo com as regras mais seguras de o fazer. Num tempo em que se fala da crise de tantos aspetos da vida coletiva, é sensato perguntar, na Casa da Democracia, se esta Constituição continua a poder servir de moldura institucional para uma sociedade com as de hoje. Esta exposição, que aborda os principais argumentos críticos, aponta para uma resposta afirmativa, corroborando as sucessivas votações que foram ratificando e retocando o texto constitucional.