Estudo da sensibilidade à água de misturas betuminosas

De uma forma geral, em Portugal, os valores de referência existentes para avaliação da sensibilidade à água de misturas betuminosas foram estabelecidos de acordo com a norma Militar Americana MIL-STD-620A (1966). No entanto, com o aparecimento da norma Europeia EN 12697-12, tornou-se necessário efectuar a avaliação da sensibilidade à água de misturas betuminosas segundo a referida norma. Assim, este trabalho teve como objectivo contribuir para a obtenção de valores de referência de sensibilidade à água, avaliada de acordo com o método preconizado pela norma Europeia em vigor, EN 12697-12:2008. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a sensibilidade à água de três misturas betuminosas fabricadas em laboratório, constituídas por três tipos de agregados (granitos, basaltos e calcários) e dois tipos de betume penetração nominal de 35/50x10-1 mm e 50/70x10-1 mm), tendo sido também estudada a influência da variação da temperatura do ensaio de tracção indirecta (15ºC e 25ºC) nos resultados obtidos. Para as misturas betuminosas ensaiadas, os valores da Resistência Conservada obtidos pela norma Militar foram sempre superiores aos da norma Europeia e o ensaio de tracção indirecta realizado à temperatura de ensaio de 25ºC também revelou melhores percentagens de resistência conservada face à temperatura de ensaio de 15ºC.

Fast optimum-predictive control and capacitor voltage balancing strategy for bipolar back-to-back NPC converters in high-voltage direct current transmission systems

Multilevel power converters have been introduced as the solution for high-power high-voltage switching applications where they have well-known advantages. Recently, full back-to-back connected multilevel neutral point diode clamped converters (NPC converter) have been used inhigh-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Bipolar-connected back-to-back NPC converters have advantages in long-distance HVDCtransmission systems over the full back-to-back connection, but greater difficulty to balance the dc capacitor voltage divider on both sending and receiving end NPC converters. This study shows that power flow control and dc capacitor voltage balancing are feasible using fast optimum-predictive-based controllers in HVDC systems using bipolar back-to-back-connected five-level NPC multilevel converters. For both converter sides, the control strategytakes in account active and reactive power, which establishes ac grid currents in both ends, and guarantees the balancing of dc bus capacitor voltages inboth NPC converters. Additionally, the semiconductor switching frequency is minimised to reduce switching losses. The performance and robustness of the new fast predictive control strategy, and its capability to solve the DC capacitor voltage balancing problem of bipolar-connected back-to-back NPCconverters are evaluated.

Renewable power forecast to scheduling of thermal units

In this work is discussed the importance of the renewable production forecast in an island environment. A probabilistic forecast based on kernel density estimators is proposed. The aggregation of these forecasts, allows the determination of thermal generation amount needed to schedule and operating a power grid of an island with high penetration of renewable generation. A case study based on electric system of S. Miguel Island is presented. The results show that the forecast techniques are an imperative tool help the grid management.

Tris(2-Ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) a potential reference fluid for high viscosity. Part I: viscosity measurements at temperatures from (303 to 373)K and pressures up to 65MPa, using a novel vibrating-wire instrument

No literature data above atmospheric pressure could be found for the viscosity of TOTIVI. As a consequence, the present viscosity results could only be compared upon extrapolation of the vibrating wire data to 0.1 MPa. Independent viscosity measurements were performed, at atmospheric pressure, using an Ubbelohde capillary in order to compare with the vibrating wire results, extrapolated by means of the above mentioned correlation. The two data sets agree within +/- 1%, which is commensurate with the mutual uncertainty of the experimental methods. Comparisons of the literature data obtained at atmospheric pressure with the present extrapolated vibrating-wire viscosity measurements have shown an agreement within +/- 2% for temperatures up to 339 K and within +/- 3.3% for temperatures up to 368 K. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Additive adaptive thinking in 1st and 2nd grades pupils

This paper is part of the Project “Adaptive thinking and flexible computation: Critical issues”. It discusses what is meant by adaptive thinking and presents the results of individual interviews with four pupils. The main goal of the study is to understand pupils’ reasoning when solving numerical tasks involving additive situations, and identify features associated with adaptive thinking. The results show that, in the case of first grade pupils, the semantic aspects of the problem are involved in its resolution and the pupils’ performance appears to be related to the development of number sense. The 2nd grade pupils seem to see the quantitative difference as an invariant numerical relationship.