Parental predictors of poor visual outcome with occlusion treatment for unilateral amblyopia

Aim: Visual acuity outcome of amblyopia treatment depends on the compliance. This study aimed to determine parental predictors of poor visual outcome with occlusion treatment in unilateral amblyopia and identify the relationship between occlusion recommendations and the patient's actual dose of occlusion reported by the parents. Methods: This study comprised three phases: refractive adaptation for a period of 18 weeks after spectacle correction; occlusion of 3 to 6 hours per day during a period of 6 months; questionnaire administration and completion by parents. Visual acuity as assessed using the Sheridan-Gardiner singles or Snellen acuity chart was used as a measure of visual outcome. Correlation analysis was used to describe the strength and direction of two variables: prescribed occlusion reported by the doctor and actual dose reported by parents. A logistic binary model was adjusted using the following variables: severity, vulnerability, self-efficacy, behaviour intentions, perceived efficacy and treatment barriers, parents' and childrens' age, and parents' level of education. Results: The study included 100 parents (mean age 38.9 years, SD approx 9.2) of 100 children (mean age 6.3 years, SD approx 2.4) with amblyopia. Twenty-eight percent of children had no improvement in visual acuity. The results showed a positive mild correlation (kappa = 0.54) between the prescribed occlusion and actual dose reported by parents. Three predictors for poor visual outcome with occlusion were identified: parents' level of education (OR = 9.28; 95%CI 1.32-65.41); treatment barriers (OR = 2.75; 95%CI 1.22-6.20); interaction between severity and vulnerability (OR = 3.64; 95%CI 1.21-10.93). Severity (OR = 0.07; 95%CI 0.00-0.72) and vulnerability (OR = 0.06; 95%CI 0.05-0.74) when considered in isolation were identified as protective factors. Conclusions: Parents frequently do not use the correct dosage of occlusion as recommended. Parents' educational level and awareness of treatment barriers were predictors of poor visual outcome. Lower levels of education represented a 9-times higher risk of having a poor visual outcome with occlusion treatment.

Valores de referência de robustez óssea avaliados próximo ao nascimento por ultrassonografia quantitativa em recém-nascidos de termo e pré-termo

Objectivo: Estabelecer valores de referência da robustez óssea nos primeiros dias de vida, em recém-nascidos de termo e pré-termo adequados para a idade de gestação nascidos em Portugal. Métodos: Foi medida a velocidade do som (VdS) (m/s) por ultrassonografia quantitativa, numa amostra sistemática de recém-nascidos adequados para a idade de gestação, de termo e pré-termo, respectivamente nos primeiros dois e cinco dias após o nascimento. Foi avaliada a homogeneidade de valores entre géneros e entre grupos de idade de gestação. Resultados: A amostra constou de 158 recém-nascidos, 34 de termo e 124 pré-termo (idade de gestação entre 26 a 41 semanas), com peso de nascimento de 595 g a 4195 g, 84 do sexo masculino (53,2%) e 20 gémeos (10,8%). A média da VdS aumenta significativamente com a idade de gestação. São providenciados valores de referência da VdS para os percentis 10, 25, 50, 75 e 90, para grupos de idade de gestação, sem distinção para o género. Conclusão: São disponibilizados valores de referência de VdS nos primeiros dias de vida, de recém-nascidos adequados para a idade de gestação, de termo e pré-termo, nascidos em Portugal. Estes valores reflectem a robustez óssea intrauterina e servem de referência basal para estudos evolutivos realizados em Portugal.

Effect of a sardine supplement on C-reactive protein in patients receiving hemodialysis

Objective - The study evaluated the effect of a canned sardine supplement in C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) and the compliance and adherence to this supplement. Design - This was a quasi-experimental study: Participants with a serum CRP of 5 mg/dL or less volunteered to consume a sardine supplement or were maintained on the usual cheese/ham sandwich supplement. Setting - The study took place in two outpatient dialysis units in Lisbon, Portugal. Patients - The study comprised 63 patients receiving maintenance HD three times per week for at least 6 months and an initial CRP concentration of 5 mg/dL or less. Exclusion criteria included the presence of graft vascular access or history of cancer. Intervention - After a 4-week washout period, the nutritional intervention included a canned sardine sandwich for the case group (n = 31) and a cheese or ham sandwich for the control group (n = 32), to be ingested during each routine HD session, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Main outcome measure - Serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were the outcome measure. Results - Only 65 patients from the invited 186 patients met the inclusion criteria and agreed to eat the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week and were involved in the study. A significant proportion of 48% (n = 31, case group) consumed the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week for 8 weeks, fulfilling the requirements and completing the study. The present investigation showed that a sardine sandwich supplement had no effect on CRP levels among patients on HD. However, when participants were stratified according to tertiles of CRP distribution values at baseline, a reduction in CRP levels was found for those in the higher tertile, being higher for the case group (P = .047). Although diabetic patients were excluded from the analysis (eight in the sardine supplementation group and seven in the control group) a significant CRP reduction was found (P = .034). Conclusion - Although a supplement of low-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids had no effect on the plasma high-sensitivity CRP of the supplemented group, a reduction in CRP levels was found when patients were stratified for tertiles of CRP (for the upper tertile) and diabetic status (for nondiabetic patients). These findings need to be further confirmed. This canned sardine supplement was accepted by an important proportion of patients, enhancing diet variety and contributing for a greater n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake.

Desenvolvimento e mensuração do diâmetro transversal do cerebelo fetal por ressonância magnética

A ressonância magnética fetal é um método eficaz na avaliação pré-natal da morfologia normal do cérebro e no diagnóstico de patologias do sistema nervoso central, sendo um importante complemento clínico à ecografia. O cerebelo é uma das estruturas menos afetadas em casos de restrição de crescimento fetal, tornando-se um bom indicador na avaliação do desenvolvimento fetal e da idade gestacional. Deste modo, a avaliação biométrica fetal é fundamental no diagnóstico pré-natal do desenvolvimento cerebral. Objetivo – Avaliação do diâmetro transversal do cerebelo (estrutura anatómica de referência do sistema nervoso central) do feto e posterior comparação com um estudo internacional reconhecido nesta matéria. Material e métodos – A amostra foi constituída por 84 gestantes que realizaram ressonância magnética fetal numa clínica de imagiologia médica da região Centro. A medição considerada para a avaliação do desenvolvimento fetal foi o diâmetro transversal do cerebelo. Resultados – Os resultados obtidos para o diâmetro transversal do cerebelo por ressonância magnética fetal vieram a demonstrar a ausência de diferenças médias estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05) em função do número de semanas de gestação, face aos valores teóricos aferidos no estudo de Garel. Conclusão – Com base nos resultados obtidos, para o diâmetro transversal do cerebelo podemos concluir que o parâmetro analisado é coerente com a publicação de Catherine Garel – Le développement du cerveau foetal atlas IRM et biometrie.