Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in children from 0 to 14 years hospitalized at the Pediatric Hospital David Bernardino, Luanda, Angola

The Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect in the world. The most common clinical manifestations are acute hemolytic anemia associated with drugs, infections, neonatal jaundice and hemolytic non-spherocytic chronic anemia. The main aim of this study was to determine the frequency of major genetic variants of G6PD leading to enzyme deficiency in children from 0 to 14 years at a Pediatric Hospital in Luanda, Angola. A cross-sectional and descriptive analytical study covered a total of 194 children aged from 0 to 14 years, of both genders and hospitalized at the Pediatric Hospital David Bernardino, Luanda between November and December, 2011. The G202A, A376G and C563T mutations of the G6PD gene were determined by real-time PCR with Taqman probes. The disabled A-/A- genotype was detected in 10 girls (10.9%). Among the boys, 21 (20.6%) presented the genotype A-. Considering all the samples, the A- variant was observed in 22.4% of cases. The Mediterranean mutation was not detected in the Angolan sample. Furthermore, no association was found between genotype and anemia, nutritional state and mucosa color. A significant association, however, was observed with jaundice. Based on the results obtained, there is a clear need to identify those with the disabled genotype in the Angolan population in order to avoid cases of drug-induced anemia, particularly in the treatment of malaria, so prevalent in Angola.

Synthesis, structure and electrochemical behaviour of Na, Mg-II, Mn-II, Cd-II and Ni-II complexes of 3-(2-carboxyphenylhydrazone)pentane-2,4-dione

Mononuclear manganese(II) [Mn(kappa O-HL)(2)(CH3OH)(4)] (4), nickel(II) [Ni(kappa O-2, kappa N-L)(H2O)(3)] (5), cadmium(II) [Cd(kappa O-2-HL)(2)(CH3OH)(3)] (7), tetranuclear zinc(II) [Zn-4(mu-OH)(2)(1 kappa O:2 kappa O-HL)(4)(kappa O-HL)(2)(H2O)(4)] (6) and polynuclear aqua sodium(I) [Na(H2O)(2)(mu-H2O)(2)](n)(HL)(n) (2) and magnesium(II) [Mg(OH)(H2O)(mu-H2O)(2)](n)(-HL)(n) (3) complexes were synthesized using 3-(2-carboxyphenyl-hydrazone)pentane-2,4-dione (H2L, 1) as a ligand precursor. The complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR (for 2, 3, 6 and 7) spectroscopies. Mono- or dianionic deprotonated derivatives of H2L display different coordination modes and lead to topologies and nuclearities of the complexes depending on metal ions and conditions used for the syntheses. Extensive intermolecular H-bonds form supramolecular arrangements in 1D chains (4 and 6), 1D chains of the organic anion and 2D networks of the metal-aqua aggregates (2 and 3), 2D networks (7) or even 3D frameworks (5). Electrochemical studies, by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis, show ligand centred redox processes as corroborated by theoretical DFT calculations in terms of LUMO and HOMO compositions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exercício físico e claudicação intermitente: eficácia de um programa domiciliário

A arteriopatia periférica (AP) é uma doença com uma prevalência relativamente alta na população em geral. Entre 12% a 20% dos atingidos têm idade superior a 60 anos e apresentam sintomas clínicos, como claudicação intermitente (CI), dor, perda de força e incapacidade funcional. Vários autores referem os efeitos benéficos de um programa de exercício físico nas consequências funcionais da AP. O objectivo deste estudo foi o de verificar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico domiciliário supervisionado (PD) em indivíduos com CI por arteriopatia periférica do membro inferior (APMI) e determinar o número médio de passos diários nesta população. Participaram no estudo 14 indivíduos (idade média 72,4±6,7 anos) com CI. O PD consistiu na execução diária de três exercícios musculares para os membros inferiores (MI) e uma caminhada, durante 8 semanas. Através do teste de 6 minutos de marcha, avaliamos a distância de claudicação (DC) (até ao início da dor), distância máxima de marcha (DMM) (até à dor incapacitante) e a capacidade funcional (CF). Avaliamos ainda a intensidade de esforço percebida (IEP) com CR10 de Borg e o número máximo de repetições de elevação dos calcanhares (NREC). Os resultados mostram aumento da DC (178,8±75,5 vs 259,6±116,7; p=0,01), DMM (255,7±104,4 vs 326,5±137,9; p=0,008), CF (299,1±115,1 vs 389,6±102,1; p=0,000) e NREC (42,1±14,7 vs 59,9±21,6; p=0,002) e diminuição da IEP (3,1±1,1 vs 2,6±0,6). O número de passos percorridos e observados com um podómetro foi de 4990±1872 passos por dia. Conclusões – Um PD com supervisão semanal, tendo como base uma caminhada e exercícios musculares para os MI, mostrou ser eficaz na melhoria dos sintomas de CI destes pacientes.

Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of a New N-4-Polydentate Class of Pyridyl-Functionalized Scorpionate Ligands: Complexes of Fe-II, Zn-II, V-IV, Pd-II and Use for Heterobimetallic Systems

The new potentially N-4-multidentate pyridyl-functionalized scorpionates 4-((tris-2,2,2-(pyrazol-1-ypethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy, (1)) and 4-((tris-2,2,2-(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)ethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy(Ph), (2)) have been synthesized and their coordination behavior toward Fe-II, Ni-II, Zn-II, Cu-II, Pd-II, and V-III centers has been studied. Reaction of (1) with Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O yields [Fe(TpmPy)(2)](BF4)(2) (3), that, in the solid state, shows the sandwich structure with trihapto ligand coordination via the pyrazolyl arms, and is completely low spin (LS) until 400 K. Reactions of 2 equiv of (1) or (2) with Zn-II or Ni-II chlorides give the corresponding metal complexes with general formula [MCl2(TpmPy*)(2)] (M = Zn, Ni; TpmPy* = TpmPy, TpmPy(Ph)) (4-7) where the ligand is able to coordinate through either the pyrazolyl rings (in case of [Ni(TpmPy)(2)Cl-2 (5)) or the pyridyl-side (for [ZnCl2(TpmPy)(2)] (4), [ZnCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (6) and [NiCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (7)). The reaction of (1) with VCl3 gives [VOCl2(TpmPy)] (8) that shows the N-3-pyrazolyl coordination-mode. Moreover, (1) and react with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)] to give the disubstituted complexes [PdCl2(TprnPy)(2)] (9) and [PdCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (10), respectively, bearing the scorpionate coordinated via the pyridyl group. Compounds (9) and (10) react with Fe(BF4)(2) to give the heterobimetallic Pd/Fe systems [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Fe](BF4)(2) (11) and [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy(Ph))(2)Fe-2(H2O)(6)]BF4)(4) (13), respectively. Compound (11) can also be formed from reaction of (3) with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)], while reaction of (3) with Cu(NO3)(2).2.5H(2)O generates [Fe(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Cu(NO3)(2)](BF4)(2) (12), confirming the multidentate ability of the new chelating ligands. The X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) are also reported.

Estudo da solubilidade de diferentes corantes têxteis em dióxido de carbono supercrítico

Utilizando um método de medida dinâmico, determinou-se experimentalmente a solubilidade de corantes têxteis em CO2 supercrítico, para pressões entre 120 bar (12MPa) a 400 bar (40 MPa) e temperaturas de 60°C (333.2K) a 120°C (393.2K). O equipamento utilizado consiste em 3 secções distintas: zona de compressão, zona de equilíbrio e zona de expansão. Dos resultados obtidos para as isotérmicas, verificou-se que a solubilidade aumenta com o incremento da pressão. Em relação à influência da temperatura, constatou-se que as pressões mais baixas os corantes apresentam uma diminuição na solubilidade em CO2 supercrítico com o incremento da temperatura, no entanto, a partir de uma determinada pressão (cerca de 225bar), quanto maior a temperatura de estudo, maior a solubilidade dos compostos. Obtiveram-se valores de solubilidade na ordem dos 2,9x10-6 a 2,9x10-4 para o Quinizarina com uma reprodutibilidade média de ±3,3%, de 1,4x10-6 a 3,2x10-4 para o Red 9 com uma reprodutibilidade média de ±2,5% de 7,8x10-8 a 2,2x10-5 para o Blue 14 com uma reprodutibilidade média de ±3,0% e finalmente de 6,63x10-8 a 4,9x10-7 para o Blue 1, com uma reprodutibilidade média de ±4,5%. A comparação com os resultados experimentais da bibliografia permitiu verificar a actual discrepância de valores existentes para estes corantes e a importância de novos resultados e mais rigorosos, com o objectivo de analisar os métodos de determinação de solubilidade em fluidos supercríticos. Após a análise dos resultados obtidos, foi efectuada a modelação dos mesmos recorrendo a modelos semi-empíricos, verificando-se que o modelo mais adequado ao corante Quinizarina é o modelo de Bartle et al, para o qual se obteve um desvio relativo médio percentual (AARD) de 2,94%. Relativamente ao corante Red 9 e Blue 14, o modelo que melhor define o comportamento de Chrastil, obtendo-se um AARD de 0,870% e o 1,47% respectivamente, enquanto que para o Blue 1 é o modelo de Kummar e Jonhson, com um AARD de 0,218%. Além da modelação efectuada, foram ainda determinados os valores de entalpias de vaporização e solvatação para os diferentes compostos.

Síntese e caracterização de complexos de rénio com ligandos piridínicos e O,N,O'doadores

Nesta dissertação descreve-se a síntese e caracterização de complexos de rénio contendo ligandos azotados derivados da piridina e ligandos O, N, O’ - doadores. No capítulo 1 indicam-se algumas propriedades dos ligandos piridínicos e O, N, O’ - doadores bem como um estudo de revisão bibliográfica sobre a química dos complexos de rénio utilizados como compostos de partida. No capítulo 2 descreve-se a síntese e caracterização dos complexos de rénio [ReOCl2(4,4’-bipy)2(PPh3)][BPh4] 1, [ReCl2{η2-N,O-N2C(O)Ph}(4,4’-bipy)(PPh3)] 2, [ReOCl3(Ph-terpy)] 3, [ReCl2{N2C(O)Ph}(Ph-terpy)][BPh4]2 4, [ReO3(Ph-terpy)][ReO4] 5 [ReOCl{C6H5N(OC2H4)2}(PPh3)] 6 e [ReCl2{N2C(O)Ph}{OCH2CH2)N(CH2CH2OH)(CH2COO)}] 7 obtidos por reacção dos complexos [ReCl2{ŋ2 -N, O-N2C(O)Ph}(PPh3)2, [ReOCl3(PPh3] e [Re2O7] com 4,4’-bipridina (1,2), fenil-ter-piridina (3-5), N-fenildietanolamina (6) e N,N-bis(2-hidroxietil-glicina) (7). A caracterização destes complexos foi efectuada através das técnicas usuais de análise elementar, e de espectroscopia de I.V. e R.M.N. (1H, 31P-{1H}, 13C-{1H} e 13C). Foi realizado um estudo preliminar sobre o comportamento electroquímico de alguns complexos sintetizados por voltametria cíclica e electrólise a potencial controlado permitindo avaliar o carácter permitindo doador/aceitador dos diferentes ligandos. No capítulo 3 indicam-se os detalhes experimentais referentes à síntese e caracterização dos complexos (1-7), bem como outras tentativas de síntese.

Solubility of red 153 and blue 1 in supercritical carbon dioxide

Solubilities of red 153, (3-[[4-[[5,6(or 6,7)-dichloro-2-benzothiazolyl]azo]phenyl]ethylamino]propanenitrile), an azo compound, and disperse blue1 (1,4,5,8-tetraaminoantraquinone) in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO(2)) were measured at T = (333.2 to 393.2) K over the pressure range (12.0 to 40.0) MPa by a flow type apparatus. The solubility of red 153 (0.985. 10(-6) to 37.2. 10(-6)) in the overall region of measurements is found to be significantly higher than that of disperse blue 1 (1.12.10(-7) to 4.89.10(-7)). The solubility behavior of disperse red 153 follows the general solubility trend displayed by disperse dyes with a crossover pressure at about 20 MPa. On the other hand, blue 1, which is a disperse anthraquinone dye, exhibits unexpected behavior not recorded previously there is no crossover pressure at the temperature and pressure ranges studied, and the dye's solubility at T = 333.2 K practically does not increase with pressure. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous measurements of blue 1 solubility in SC CO(2) reported in the literature. The experimental data were correlated by using the Soave Redlich Kwong equation of state (EoS) with the one-fluid van der Waals mixing rule, and an acceptable correlation of the solubility data for both dyes was obtained.

Influence of reconstruction parameters during filtered backprojection and ordered-subset expectation maximization in the measurement of the left-ventricular volumes and function during gated SPECT

A crucial method for investigating patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is the calculation of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). It is, consequently, imperative to precisely estimate the value of LVEF--a process that can be done with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish and compare the estimation performance of the quantitative parameters of the reconstruction methods filtered backprojection (FBP) and ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM). Methods: A beating-heart phantom with known values of end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and LVEF was used. Quantitative gated SPECT/quantitative perfusion SPECT software was used to obtain these quantitative parameters in a semiautomatic mode. The Butterworth filter was used in FBP, with the cutoff frequencies between 0.2 and 0.8 cycles per pixel combined with the orders of 5, 10, 15, and 20. Sixty-three reconstructions were performed using 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 OSEM subsets, combined with several iterations: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 32, and 64. Results: With FBP, the values of end-diastolic, end-systolic, and the stroke volumes rise as the cutoff frequency increases, whereas the value of LVEF diminishes. This same pattern is verified with the OSEM reconstruction. However, with OSEM there is a more precise estimation of the quantitative parameters, especially with the combinations 2 iterations × 10 subsets and 2 iterations × 12 subsets. Conclusion: The OSEM reconstruction presents better estimations of the quantitative parameters than does FBP. This study recommends the use of 2 iterations with 10 or 12 subsets for OSEM and a cutoff frequency of 0.5 cycles per pixel with the orders 5, 10, or 15 for FBP as the best estimations for the left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction quantification in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

Re-evaluation of a reported increased micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde

A replicate evaluation of increased micronucleus (MN) frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (FA) was undertaken to verify the observed effect and to determine scoring variability. May–Grünwald–Giemsa-stained slides were obtained from a previously performed cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMNT) with 56 workers in anatomy and pathology laboratories and 85 controls. The first evaluation by one scorer (scorer 1) had led to a highly significant difference between workers and controls (3.96 vs 0.81 MN per 1000 cells). The slides were coded before re-evaluation and the code was broken after the complete re-evaluation of the study. A total of 1000 binucleated cells (BNC) were analysed per subject and the frequency of MN (in ‰) was determined. Slides were distributed equally and randomly between two scorers, so that the scorers had no knowledge of the exposure status. Scorer 2 (32 exposed, 36 controls) measured increased MN frequencies in exposed workers (9.88 vs 6.81). Statistical analysis with the two-sample Wilcoxon test indicated that this difference was not significant (p = 0.17). Scorer 3 (20 exposed, 46 controls) obtained a similar result, but slightly higher values for the comparison of exposed and controls (19.0 vs 12.89; p = 0.089). Combining the results of the two scorers (13.38 vs 10.22), a significant difference between exposed and controls (p = 0.028) was obtained when the stratified Wilcoxon test with the scorers as strata was applied. Interestingly, the re-evaluation of the slides led to clearly higher MN frequencies for exposed and controls compared with the first evaluation. Bland–Altman plots indicated that the agreement between the measurements of the different scorers was very poor, as shown by mean differences of 5.9 between scorer 1 and scorer 2 and 13.0 between scorer 1 and scorer 3. Calculation of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed that all scorer comparisons in this study were far from acceptable for the reliability of this assay. Possible implications for the use of the CBMNT in human biomonitoring studies are discussed.

Results of radiation protection programmes on mammography

In this paper, we present the results of mammography quality control tests related to the work with Portuguese mammography equipment, either in conventional or in digital mammography computed radiography, showing the main differences in the tested equipments. Quality control in mammography is a very special area of quality control in radiology, which demands relatively high knowledge on physics. Digital imaging is changing the standards of the radiographic imaging. Regarding mammography, this is yet a controversial issue owing to some limitations of the digital detectors, like the resolution for instance. A complete set of results regarding radiation protection of the patients submitted to mammography diagnosis is presented. A discussion of the quality image parameters and its interpretation in conventional and digital mammography is presented. In conclusion, we present a sample of results that can be considered as characteristics of mammography equipment in Portugal.

Modulation of translation factor's gene expression by histone deacetylase inhibitors in breast cancer cells

The histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate (NaBu) and trichostatin A (TSA) exhibit anti-proliferative activity by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which NaBu and TSA cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest are not yet completely clarified, although these agents are known to modulate the expression of several genes including cell-cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. The enzymes involved in the process of translation have important roles in controlling cell growth and apoptosis, and several of these translation factors have been described as having a causal role in the development of cancer. The expression patterns of the translation mechanism, namely of the elongation factors eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and of the termination factors eRF1 and eRF3, were studied in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction after a 24-h treatment with NaBu and TSA. NaBu induced inhibition of translation factors' transcription, whereas TSA caused an increase in mRNA levels. Thus, these two agents may modulate the expression of translation factors through different pathways. We propose that the inhibition caused by NaBu may, in part, be responsible for the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by this agent in MCF-7 cells.

Endothelial lipase correlated positively with EPA/AA ratio in RBCs membrane

The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membranes has been considered a good biomarker for several pathologic situations. Dietary intake, digestion, absorption, metabolism, storage and exchange amongst compartments, greatly influence the fatty acids composition of different cells and tissues. Lipoprotein and hepatic lipases were also involved in fatty acid availability. In the present work we examined the correlations between fatty acid in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) membranes, the fatty acid desaturase and elongase activities, glycaemia, blood lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins, and the endothelial lipase (EL) mass in plasma. Twenty one individuals were considered in the present study, with age >18 y. RBCs membranes were obtained and analysed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. The amount of fatty acids (as percentage) were analysed, and the ratios between fatty acid 16:1/16:0; 18:1/18:0; 18:0/16:0; 22:6 n-3/20:5 n-3 and 20:4 n-6/18:2 n-6 were calculated. Bivariate analysis (rs) and partial correlations were determined. SCD16 estimation activity correlated positively with BMI (rs=0.466, p=0.043) and triacylglycerols (TAG) (rs=0.483, p=0.026), and negatively with the ratio ApoA1/ApoB (rs=-0.566, p=0.007). Endothelial lipase (EL) correlated positively with the EPA/AA ratio in RBCs membranes (rs=0.524, p=0.045). After multi-adjustment for BMI, age, hs-CRP and dietary n3/n6 ratio, the correlations remained significant between EL and EPA/AA ratio. At the best of our knowledge this is the first report that correlated EL with the fatty acid profile of RBCs plasma membranes. The association found here can suggest that the enzyme may be involved in the bioavailability and distribution of n-3/n-6 fatty acids, suggesting a major role for EL in the pathophysiological mechanisms involving biomembranes’ fatty acids, such as in inflammatory response and eicosanoids metabolites pathways.

Mammography equipment design: impact on radiographers’ practice

Objectives - Identify radiographers’ postures during frequent mammography procedures related to the mammography equipment and patient characteristics. Methods - A postural task analysis was performed using images acquired during the simulation of mammography positioning procedures. Simulations included craniocaudal/(CC) and mediolateral-oblique/(MLO) positioning in three different settings: radiographers and patients with similar statures, radiographers smaller than the patients and radiographers taller than the patients. Measurements of postural angles were performed by two raters using adequate software and classified according to the European Standard EN1005-4:2005 + A1:2008. Results - The simulations revealed that the most awkward posture in mammography is during the positioning of MLO projection in short-stature patients. Postures identified as causing work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD) risk were neck extension, arms elevated and the back stooped, presenting angles of 87.2, 118.6 and 63.6, respectively. If radiographers were taller than patients, then the trunk and arm postures were not acceptable. Conclusions - Working in a mammography room leads to awkward postures that can have an impact on radiographers’ health, namely WRMSDs. The results in this study showed that there are non-acceptable postures associated with frequent working procedures in mammography. MLO is the most demanding procedure for radiographer postures and may be related to WRMSDs. Mammography devices should be redesigned considering adjustability for radiographers. Main Messages: • Mammography constraints for radiographers in mammography procedures have not been well studied. • Performing mammography leads to awkward postures that can impact radiographers’ health. • MLO, the most demanding procedure for radiographers, is possibly related to WRMSDs.

Os capitães: uma revolução na forja

“Os últimos anos da Ditadura são de profunda crise. Há muito que o processo de transição liberalizante encetado por Marcelo Caetano, nos seus primeiros anos de governação, caíra num impasse. A saída da esmagadora maioria dos deputados da Ala Liberal da Assembleia Nacional, em Janeiro de 1973, deixa patente o crescente isolamento político do Presidente do Conselho e o fracasso do seu reformismo. Quando, a 16 de Março de 1974, um grupo de oficiais do Regimento de Infantaria das Caldas da Rainha leva a cabo uma tentativa de golpe de estado, os seus dias estavam já contados.” (do texto)

Preparação e análise estrutural de complexos de samário

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica - Ramo de Bioprocessos