Strabismus, visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in Portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years

Introduction: Visual anomalies that affect school-age children represent an important public health problem. Data on the prevalence are lacking in Portugal but is needed for planning vision services. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strabismus, decreased visual acuity, and uncorrected refractive error in Portuguese children aged 6 to 11 years. Methods and materials: A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 672 school-age children (7.69 ± 1.19 years). Children received an orthoptic assessment (visual acuity, ocular alignment, and ocular movements) and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Results: After orthoptic assessment, 13.8% of children were considered abnormal (n = 93). Manifest strabismus was found in 4% of the children. Rates of esotropia (2.1%) were slightly higher than exotropia (1.8%). Strabismus rates were not statistically significant different per sex (p = 0.681) and grade (p = 0.228). Decreased visual acuity at distance was present in 11.3% of children. Visual acuity ≤20/66 (0.5 logMAR) was found in 1.3% of the children. We also found that 10.3% of children had an uncorrected refractive error. Conclusions: Strabismus affects a small proportion of the Portuguese school-age children. Decreased visual acuity and uncorrected refractive error affected a significant proportion of school-age children. New policies need to be developed to address this public health problem.

Perceção da contemporaneidade pelos pré-adolescentes: o que se aprende com a obra de arte

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Educação Artística, na Especialização de Artes Plásticas na Educação

Advanced side information creation techniques and framework for Wyner-Ziv video coding

Recently, several distributed video coding (DVC) solutions based on the distributed source coding (DSC) paradigm have appeared in the literature. Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding, a particular case of DVC where side information is made available at the decoder, enable to achieve a flexible distribution of the computational complexity between the encoder and decoder, promising to fulfill novel requirements from applications such as video surveillance, sensor networks and mobile camera phones. The quality of the side information at the decoder has a critical role in determining the WZ video coding rate-distortion (RD) performance, notably to raise it to a level as close as possible to the RD performance of standard predictive video coding schemes. Towards this target, efficient motion search algorithms for powerful frame interpolation are much needed at the decoder. In this paper, the RD performance of a Wyner-Ziv video codec is improved by using novel, advanced motion compensated frame interpolation techniques to generate the side information. The development of these type of side information estimators is a difficult problem in WZ video coding, especially because the decoder only has available some reference, decoded frames. Based on the regularization of the motion field, novel side information creation techniques are proposed in this paper along with a new frame interpolation framework able to generate higher quality side information at the decoder. To illustrate the RD performance improvements, this novel side information creation framework has been integrated in a transform domain turbo coding based Wyner-Ziv video codec. Experimental results show that the novel side information creation solution leads to better RD performance than available state-of-the-art side information estimators, with improvements up to 2 dB: moreover, it allows outperforming H.264/AVC Intra by up to 3 dB with a lower encoding complexity.

Perceção visual na avaliação diagnóstica em mamografia: uma revisão sistemática

Introdução – Na avaliação diagnóstica em mamografia, o desempenho do radiologista pode estar sujeito a erros de diagnóstico. Objetivo – Descrever a importância da perceção visual na análise da mamografia, identificando os principais fatores que contribuem para a perceção visual do radiologista e que condicionam a acuidade diagnóstica. Metodologia – Estudo descritivo baseado numa revisão sistemática de literatura através da PubMed e da Science Direct. Foram incluídos 42 artigos que respeitavam, pelo menos, um dos critérios de inclusão no estudo. Para a seleção das referências foi utilizada a metodologia PRISMA, constituída por 4 fases: identificação, seleção preliminar, elegibilidade e estudos incluídos. Resultados – Na avaliação diagnóstica em mamografia, a perceção visual está intimamente relacionada com: 1) diferentes parâmetros visuais e da motilidade ocular (acuidade visual, sensibilidade ao contraste e à luminância e movimentos oculares); 2) com condições de visualização de uma imagem (iluminância da sala e luminância do monitor); e 3) fadiga ocular provocada pela observação diária consecutiva de imagens. Conclusões – A perceção visual pode ser influenciada por 3 categorias de erros observados: erros de pesquisa (lesões não são fixadas pela fóvea), erros de reconhecimento (lesões fixadas, mas não durante o tempo suficiente) e erros de decisão (lesões fixadas, mas não identificadas como suspeitas). Os estudos analisados sobre perceção visual, atenção visual e estratégia visual, bem como os estudos sobre condições de visualização não caracterizam a função visual dos observadores. Para uma avaliação correta da perceção visual em mamografia deverão ser efetuados estudos que correlacionem a função visual com a qualidade diagnóstica. ABSTRACT - Introduction – Diagnostic evaluation in mammography could be influenced by the radiologist performance that could be under diagnostic errors. Aims – To describe the importance of radiologist visual perception in mammographic diagnostic evaluation and to identify the main factors that contribute to diagnostic accuracy. Methods – In this systematic review 42 references were included based on inclusion criteria (PubMed and Science Direct). PRISMA method was used to select the references following 4 steps: identification, screening, eligibility and included references. Results – Visual perception in mammography diagnostic evaluation is related with: 1) visual parameters and ocular motility (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and luminance and ocular movements); 2) image visualization environment (room iluminance and monitor luminance); and 3) eyestrain caused by image daily consecutive observation. Conclusions – Visual perception can be influenced by three errors categories: search errors (lesions are never looked at with high-resolution foveal vision), recognition errors (lesions are looked at, but not long enough to detect or recognize) and decision errors (lesions are looked at for long periods of time but are still missed). The reviewed studies concerning visual perception, visual attention, visual strategies and image visualization environment do not describe observer’s visual function. An accurate evaluation of visual perception in mammography must include visual function analysis.

Relação entre o envelhecimento e o campo visual binocular em tarefas do quotidiano

RESUMO: Introdução – O envelhecimento pode estar relacionado com a perda de autonomia e declínio da capacidade funcional dos indivíduos, o que tende a comprometer a execução de tarefas do quotidiano e consequentemente leva a repercussões na qualidade de vida, afetando-a de forma negativa. Objetivos – Rever a bibliografia atualmente disponível no que respeita às repercussões do envelhecimento no campo visual binocular e atencional e à influência do campo visual binocular na leitura, escrita e marcha/locomoção em idosos. Metodologia – Este estudo é uma revisão de literatura. Procedeu-se à análise de 37 artigos científicos, que posteriormente foram organizados numa grelha de observação e numa tabela comparativa. Resultados – Dos artigos analisados, 32,43% (n=12) apontam para uma diminuição da extensão do campo visual binocular e atencional relacionada com o envelhecimento. Repercussões da diminuição da extensão do campo visual binocular sem fator atencional nas atividades quotidianas são referidas em 54,05% (n=20) dos artigos. Neste grupo de artigos 40,53% (n=15) apontam para a existência de uma relação entre o campo visual binocular com o desempenho na leitura, escrita ou marcha/locomoção. Do total de artigos analisados, dos 45,95% (n=17) que descrevem o campo visual binocular com fator atencional, 10,81% (n=4) apontam para a mesma relação. Discussão/Conclusões – O envelhecimento provoca um decréscimo no campo visual binocular, sendo este mais acentuado na periferia. Este decréscimo, na presença de uma atenção visual diminuída, influencia o desempenho na leitura, escrita e marcha/locomoção.

Metodologia de projeto como estratégia de motivação e criatividade na disciplina de artes plásticas

Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Visual e Tecnológica no Ensino Básico

Reading performance in children with visual function anomalies

Aims - To compare reading performance in children with and without visual function anomalies and identify the influence of abnormal visual function and other variables in reading ability. Methods - A cross-sectional study was carried in 110 children of school age (6-11 years) with Abnormal Visual Function (AVF) and 562 children with Normal Visual Function (NVF). An orthoptic assessment (visual acuity, ocular alignment, near point of convergence and accommodation, stereopsis and vergences) and autorefraction was carried out. Oral reading was analyzed (list of 34 words). Number of errors, accuracy (percentage of success) and reading speed (words per minute - wpm) were used as reading indicators. Sociodemographic information from parents (n=670) and teachers (n=34) was obtained. Results - Children with AVF had a higher number of errors (AVF=3.00 errors; NVF=1.00 errors; p<0.001), a lower accuracy (AVF=91.18%; NVF=97.06%; p<0.001) and reading speed (AVF=24.71 wpm; NVF=27.39 wpm; p=0.007). Reading speed in the 3rd school grade was not statistically different between the two groups (AVF=31.41 wpm; NVF=32.54 wpm; p=0.113). Children with uncorrected hyperopia (p=0.003) and astigmatism (p=0.019) had worst reading performance. Children in 2nd, 3rd, or 4th grades presented a lower risk of having reading impairment when compared with the 1st grade. Conclusion - Children with AVF had reading impairment in the first school grade. It seems that reading abilities have a wide variation and this disparity lessens in older children. The slow reading characteristics of the children with AVF are similar to dyslexic children, which suggest the need for an eye evaluation before classifying the children as dyslexic.

Longe da vista, longe do coração: o design como “âncora” visual e elemento agregador da atividade museológica

To become an open to outer space, the "museum" acquired new forms and new expressions. The complexity of museological activity thus leads to new representations that alter the initial image of the museum as a building with objects. Their 'boundaries' are now less sharp, not only in relation to the spatial relationship, but also to its temporal dimension, creating an additional challenge which is the recognition of the museum itself. The design, while transdisciplinary activity, thereby assumes a key role in the communication of the museums in its visual representation and recognition of their action. The present study results from a survey conducted in 2010 to 364 Portuguese museums (from a universe of 849 museums), presenting an analysis to its base elements of visual expression of identity (name, logo, symbol, and color).

Avaliação por fMRI do córtex visual, motor e auditivo através de estimulação sensoriomotora e sonora em desportistas invisuais e desportistas sem deficiência visual

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Ramo de especialização: Imagem por Ressonância Magnética

Efeito de filtros ópticos na função visual de espeleologistas

Speleologist’s perform their activity in demanding visual conditions of very low luminance - many visual tasks involve resolution of detail under conditions of low contrast. Work related conditions in a cave as exposure to heat, chemicals, dust and poor lighting conditions could influence the integrity of the visual system and predispose the eye to diseases that eventually affect vision. Poor lighting conditions cause a variety of symptoms of visual discomfort and may increase the risk of accidents. Good visual acuity is crucial for several and has an important role for safety purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate lighting conditions and optical filters effects on visual performance in speleologists exposed to cave environments.

Dynamic peripheral visual performance relates to alpha activity in soccer players

Many studies have demonstrated the relationship between the alpha activity and the central visual ability, in which the visual ability is usually assessed through static stimuli. Besides static circumstance, however in the real environment there are often dynamic changes and the peripheral visual ability in a dynamic environment (i.e., dynamic peripheral visual ability) is important for all people. So far, no work has reported whether there is a relationship between the dynamic peripheral visual ability and the alpha activity. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate their relationship. Sixty-two soccer players performed a newly designed peripheral vision task in which the visual stimuli were dynamic, while their EEG signals were recorded from Cz, O1, and O2 locations. The relationship between the dynamic peripheral visual performance and the alpha activity was examined by the percentage-bend correlation test. The results indicated no significant correlation between the dynamic peripheral visual performance and the alpha amplitudes in the eyes-open and eyes-closed resting condition. However, it was not the case for the alpha activity during the peripheral vision task: the dynamic peripheral visual performance showed significant positive inter-individual correlations with the amplitudes in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) and the individual alpha band (IAB) during the peripheral vision task. A potential application of this finding is to improve the dynamic peripheral visual performance by up-regulating alpha activity using neuromodulation techniques.

Visual function assessment in medical imaging research

Background - Medical image perception research relies on visual data to study the diagnostic relationship between observers and medical images. A consistent method to assess visual function for participants in medical imaging research has not been developed and represents a significant gap in existing research. Methods - Three visual assessment factors appropriate to observer studies were identified: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. A test was designed for each, and 30 radiography observers (mean age 31.6 years) participated in each test. Results - Mean binocular visual acuity for distance was 20/14 for all observers. The difference between observers who did and did not use corrective lenses was not statistically significant (P = .12). All subjects had a normal value for near visual acuity and stereoacuity. Contrast sensitivity was better than population norms. Conclusion - All observers had normal visual function and could participate in medical imaging visual analysis studies. Protocols of evaluation and populations norms are provided. Further studies are necessary to understand fully the relationship between visual performance on tests and diagnostic accuracy in practice.