Development of a penetration test for timber impregnation products for use in old buildings

This paper studies the application of commercial biocides to old maritime pine timber structures (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that have previously been impregnated with other products. A method was developed in the laboratory to be used in situ to determine the impregnation depth achieved by a new generation biocide product applied to timber from an old building. This timber had once been treated with an unknown product difficult to characterize without extensive analysis. The test was initially developed in laboratory conditions and later tested on elements of the roof structure of an 18th century building. In both cases the results were promising and mutually consistent with penetration depths for some treatments reaching 2.0 cm. The application in situ proved the tests viability and simplicity of execution giving a clear indication on the feasibility of possible re-treatments.

Ambiente internacional de negócios: Evidência empírica e apontamentos teóricos

Nas páginas que se seguem faz-se uma breve viagem por aquilo que é o ambiente no qual os negócios internacionais se desenrolam. Este percurso segue dois caminhos. Por um lado, é apresentado um vasto conjunto de informação visual (gráficos e quadros) produzida a partir de dados estatísticos disponíveis na página da internet do Banco Mundial (a informação foi coligida no final do ano de 2011, sendo recolhidos alguns dos dados mais recentes então disponíveis). Estas figuras oferecem múltiplas perspectivas sobre a realidade do comércio internacional, finanças transnacionais e crescimento económico. Por outro lado, são fornecidos alguns apontamentos teóricos, os quais permitem enquadrar os assuntos em causa no pensamento económico dominante. Na prática, muitas das questões abordadas correspondem a preocupações centrais que os economistas têm debatido ao longo das últimas décadas. Não é por acaso que estes pequenos apontamentos teóricos acabam por fazer referência a mais de uma dezena de cientistas laureados com o prémio Nobel da Economia. Em cada página, uma figura é acompanhada por um pequeno texto, no canto superior direito, que dá conta da principal evidência nela contida. A parte inferior é reservada para aspectos da teoria económica e para o interpretar de algumas noções. Pretende-se assim conjugar aquilo que a realidade revela sobre o funcionamento da economia mundial com o modo como a devemos pensar. Este documento pretende, assim, ser um pequeno guia para quem procura melhor perceber a realidade económica que nos envolve.

Pyrazole or tris(pyrazolyl)ethanol oxo-vanadium(IV) complexes as homogeneous or supported catalysts for oxidation of cyclohexane under mild conditions

The oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(acac)(2)(Hpz)].HC(pz)(3) 1.HC(pz)(3) (acac= acetylacetonate, Hpz = pyrazole, pz = pyrazoly1) and [VOCl2{HOCH2C(pz)(3)}] 2 were obtained from reaction of [VO(acac)(2)] with hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)methane or of VCl(3)with 2,2,2-tris(1-pyrazolyl)ethanol. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, Far-IR and EPR spectroscopies, FAB or ESI mass-spectrometry and, for 1, by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 1 and 2 exhibit catalytic activity for the oxidation of cyclohexane to the cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone mixture in homogeneous system (TONS up to 1100) under mild conditions (NCMe, 24h, room temperature) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), hydrogen peroxide or the urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct (UHP) as oxidants. 1 and 2 were also immobilized on a polydimethylsiloxane membrane (1-PDMS or 2-PDMS) and the systems acted as supported catalysts for the cyclohexane oxidation using the above oxidants (TONs up to 620). The best results were obtained with mCPBA or BP0 as oxidant. The effects of various parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, nitric acid, reaction time, type of oxidant and oxidant-to-catalyst molar ratio, were investigated, for both homogeneous and supported systems. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On performance of distributed model predictive control in power system frequency regulation

This paper describes the implementation of a distributed model predictive approach for automatic generation control. Performance results are discussed by comparing classical techniques (based on integral control) with model predictive control solutions (centralized and distributed) for different operational scenarios with two interconnected networks. These scenarios include variable load levels (ranging from a small to a large unbalance generated power to power consumption ratio) and simultaneously variable distance between the interconnected networks systems. For the two networks the paper also examines the impact of load variation in an island context (a network isolated from each other).