Optimização do processo de extracção por ultra-sons

Neste trabalho foi estudado o método de preparação de amostras baseado numa extracção ácida assistida por ultra-sons para a quantificação de metais pesados (Pb, Ni, Cd e Cr), em amostras de solo. Usou-se a espectrometria de absorção atómica com câmara de grafite (GFAAS) para quantificar os metais nestas amostras recolhidas em diferentes locais da cidade de Lisboa. A optimização dos parâmetros que influenciam a extracção dos metais por ultra-sons foi realizada a cinco variáveis: quantidade de amostra, volume de extractor (água-régia), tempo de sonificação, potência de sonificação e ciclo de sonificação. A eficiência do método foi testada por comparação dos resultados com os obtidos pela digestão ácida “tradicional” em banho de areia. A optimização do processo foi realizada para o metal chumbo. Os resultados analíticos obtidos por ambos os métodos apresentaram diferenças significativas. A extracção de chumbo das amostras, por ultra-sons, apresentou uma eficiência entre 65 a 78% quando comparada com o método “tradicional”. A recuperação de cádmio apresentou percentagens entre 36 e 90%. No caso do níquel e crómio, concluiu-se haver necessidade de optimizar o processo para cada um dos metais, pois apresentaram uma baixa taxa de recuperação.

Global localization with non-quantized local image features

In the field of appearance-based robot localization, the mainstream approach uses a quantized representation of local image features. An alternative strategy is the exploitation of raw feature descriptors, thus avoiding approximations due to quantization. In this work, the quantized and non-quantized representations are compared with respect to their discriminativity, in the context of the robot global localization problem. Having demonstrated the advantages of the non-quantized representation, the paper proposes mechanisms to reduce the computational burden this approach would carry, when applied in its simplest form. This reduction is achieved through a hierarchical strategy which gradually discards candidate locations and by exploring two simplifying assumptions about the training data. The potential of the non-quantized representation is exploited by resorting to the entropy-discriminativity relation. The idea behind this approach is that the non-quantized representation facilitates the assessment of the distinctiveness of features, through the entropy measure. Building on this finding, the robustness of the localization system is enhanced by modulating the importance of features according to the entropy measure. Experimental results support the effectiveness of this approach, as well as the validity of the proposed computation reduction methods.

Solvent-free microwave-assisted peroxidative oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by Iron(III)-TEMPO catalytic systems

The iron(III) complexes [H(EtOH)][FeCl2(L)(2)] (1), [H(2)bipy](1/2)[FeCl2(L)(2)].DMF (2) and [FeCl2(L)(2,2'-bipy)] (3) (L = 3-amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylate; H(2)bipy = doubly protonated 4,4'-bipyridine; 2,2'-bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine, DMF = dimethylformamide) have been synthesized and fully characterized by IR, elemental and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, as well as by electrochemical methods. Complexes 1 and 2 have similar mononuclear structures containing different guest molecules (protonated ethanol for 1 and doubly protonated 4,4'-bipyridine for 2) in their lattices, whereas the complex 3 has one 3-amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylate and a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand. They show a high catalytic activity for the low power (10 W) solvent-free microwave assisted peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol, leading, in the presence of TEMPO, to quantitative yields of acetophenone [TOFs up to 8.1 x 10(3) h(-1), (3)] after 1 h. Moreover, the catalysts are of easy recovery and reused, at least for four consecutive cycles, maintaining 83 % of the initial activity and concomitant rather high selectivity. 3-Amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid is used to synthesize three new iron(III) complexes which act as heterogeneous catalysts for the solvent-free microwave-assisted peroxidative oxidation of 1-phenylethanol.