Avaliação da força de preensão em indivíduos expostos e não expostos a actividade manual específica (repetitividade e exposição ao frio): estudo comparativo

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Percepção dos técnicos de anatomia patológica face à perigosidade dos agentes químicos utilizados nos laboratórios de histopatologia

Os agentes químicos são frequentemente manipulados nos Laboratórios de Anatomia Patológica (AP), provocando uma preocupação crescente com a segurança, higiene e a saúde dos técnicos de AP. Não existe conhecimento relativo à percepção que os profissionais evidenciam relativamente à perigosidade das substâncias químicas e que paralelismo esta possui com a real perigosidade, tendo em conta que existem instrumentos internacionais que permitem quantificar o risco associado a cada um dos agentes químicos. O objectivo do trabalho é identificar a percepção dos técnicos de AP relativamente à perigosidade das substâncias químicas utilizadas nos laboratórios de histopatologia dos serviços de AP na região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo e comparar essa percepção com a perigosidade definida pelos instrumentos internacionais, constituindo, desta forma, um índice de discrepância. Também se procuraram listar os principais sintomas/doenças potencialmente associados à actividade profissional. Para tal, recorreu-se a uma amostra não probabilística, constituída por dezassete técnicos de AP que trabalham em três hospitais na referida região. O instrumento de recolha de dados consistiu num questionário que agrupava questões sobre a temática proposta, incidindo na classificação de substâncias químicas quanto à sua perigosidade para a saúde numa escala de 0 a 5, padecimento ou não de patologias, entre outras. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado em SPSS 12.0. Na generalidade, a discrepância quanto à perigosidade das substâncias químicas é baixa, centrando-se em 1 a 2 e observa-se maior discrepância para as substâncias etanol, violeta de cristal e vermelho do Congo. Os sintomas mais referidos foram cefaleias, irritação dos olhos e das vias respiratórias.

Protocolo alternativo da técnica de Grocott

A técnica de Grocott, de grande utilidade na detecção de fungos, utiliza o ácido crómico que é tóxico, corrosivo e cancerígeno.Esta técnica é morosa, nomeadamente na actuação do agente oxidante e na impregnação com solução de prata metenamina na estufa. Foram objectivos deste trabalho substituir o ácido crómico por outro agente oxidante, de menor perigosidade, que permita marcação similar de fungos, reduzir a duração da técnica através da utilização do microondas em detrimento da estufa, testando a sua viabilidade e verificar o tempo/potência que permite melhores resultados. A amostra corresponde a fragmentos de pulmão colhidos em necrópsia. Inicialmente substituiu-se a estufa pelo microondas, tendo sido realizados 18 ensaios testando várias potências: 500W, 550W, 600W, 650W, 700W e 750W; com os tempos 1, 1.30 e 2 minutos. Posteriormente substituiu-se o ácido crómico, recorrendo a 4 agentes oxidantes (ácido periódico, ácido nítrico, ácido sulfúrico, peróxido de hidrogénio), a diferentes concentrações e sem agente oxidante. Para cada um variou-se o tempo em 1, 3, 5 e 10 minutos. Os resultados foram quantificados por três observadores segundo uma grelha de avaliação que contemplava quatro parâmetros: intensidade de marcação, percentagem de fungos marcados, marcação inespecífica de fundo e preservação morfológica. Os agentes oxidantes utilizados apresentaram bons resultados, à excepção do ácido sulfúrico. O agente oxidante alternativo de eleição é o ácido periódico devido à menor perigosidade de manipulação e ao respectivo impacto económico. A intensidade de marcação ideal foi obtida em microondas com potência de 650 Watts durante 1 minuto.

Segurança na execução das estruturas de edificações em betão armado

A actividade da construção civil é sem dúvida a que mais impacto tem na economia Portuguesa de uma forma muito mais abrangente que o simples facto do produto imobiliário. Na verdade, a importância e o impacto desta actividade na economia Nacional é de enorme relevo através da cadeia produtiva para este sector económico, iniciando o seu percurso em fornecedores de matérias-primas, serviços e mão-de-obra para a sua execução, é na “ mão-de-obra” onde reside a base da presente dissertação. Achamos que sem saúde não se pode ter o rendimento desejado e que, pior que falta de saúde é a condição que nos pode levar ao acidente fatal. Nesta dissertação serão abordadas as tarefas necessárias para a execução de estruturas de edificações em betão armado, os riscos associados a cada tarefa, a possível prevenção e a discussão das medidas a implementar em obra. Pretende-se facultar directrizes para a elaboração de um manual de prevenção para os acidentes de trabalho fatais que se possa aplicar em obra, que seja de fácil consulta e dirigida em especial para chefes de equipa, encarregados e directores de obra. Será feito um alerta a todos os intervenientes em obra para que estejam mais atentos às condições humanas e se encontrem com uma maior abertura de espírito á sensibilização, informação e formação. Todos os intervenientes em obra devem colaborar em conjunto para a prevenção dos acidentes de trabalho e em tudo o que diz respeito a matéria de Segurança, Higiene e Saúde no Trabalho.

XRCC3 THR241MET polymorphism influence on nuclear buds frequency in exposed to formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (FA), also known as formalin, formal and methyl aldehydes, is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling gas. It has an important application in embalming tissues and that result in exposures for workers in the pathology anatomy laboratories and mortuaries. Occupational exposure to FA has been shown to induce nasopharyngeal cancer and has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic. FA induced various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay was originally developped as an ideal system form easuring micronucleus (MN), however it can also be used to measure nucleoplasmic bridges (NBP) and nuclear buds (NBUD). Over the past decade another unique mechanism of micronucleus formation, known as nuclear budding has emerged. NBUDS is considered as a marker of gene amplification and/or altered gene dosage because the nuclear budding process is the mechanism by which cells removed amplified and/excess DNA.

Exposição profissional a formaldeído em laboratórios de anatomia patológica: que realidade em Portugal?

O formaldeído é um gás incolor, solúvel na água e que reage rapidamente com o local de contacto. É utilizado nos laboratórios de Anatomia Patológica (AP) como fixador de células e tecidos - importante local de exposição ocupacional ao formaldeído, nomeadamente por médicos patologistas, técnicos de AP e auxiliares de acção médica. Objectivos do estudo: conhecer a exposição a formaldeído nos laboratórios hospitalares de Anatomia Patológica em Portugal; comparar a frequência de MN em linfócitos do sangue periférico e em células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal dos trabalhadores expostos a formaldeído nos laboratórios de AP – patologistas, técnicos de AP e auxiliares com controlos.

Genotoxicity biomarkers in occupational to formaldehyde in pathology anatomy laboratories

Formaldehyde (FA) the most simple and reactive of all aldehydes, is a colorless, reactive and readily polymerizing gas at normal temperature. It has a pungent, suffocating odour that is recognized by most human subjects at concentrations below 1ppm. According to the Report on Carcinogens, FA ranks 25th in the overall U.S. chemical production with more than 11 billion pounds (5 million tons) produced each year. Is an important industrial compound that is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds such as lubricants and adhesives. It has also applications as a disinfectant, preservative and is used in cosmetics. Estimates of the number of persons who are occupationally exposed to FA indicate that, at least at low levels, may occur in a wide variety of industries. The occupational settings with most extensive use of formaldehyde is in the production of resins and in anatomy and pathology laboratories. Several studies reported a carcinogenic effect in humans after inhalation of FA, in particular an increased risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. Nowadays, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies FA as carcinogenic to humans (group 1), on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic. FA induced various genotoxic effects in proliferatin cultured mammalian cells. A variety of evidence suggests that the primary DNA alterations after FA exposure are DNA-protein crosslinks. Incomplete repair of DPX can lead to the formation of mutations.

Effects of age and gender on peripheral lymphocyte micronucleus

Aging in humans appears to be associated with genetic instability. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) is a comprehensive method for measuring chromosome breakage, DNA misrepair, chromosome loss, non-disjunction, necrosis, apoptosis and cytostasis. Age and gender are the most important demographic variables affecting the micronucleus (MN) index and studies report frequencies in females being greater than those in males by a factor of 1.2 to 1.6 depending on the age group. It has been shown that a higher MN frequency directly corresponds to a decreased efficiency of DNA repair and increased genome instability.

XRCC3241 Polymorphism influence on genotoxicity biomarkers frequency in workers occupationaly exposed to formaldehyde

Formaldehyde (FA) is ubiquitous in the environment and is a chemical agent that possesses high reactivity. Occupational exposure to FA has been shown to induce nasopharyngeal cancer and has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. The exposure to this substance is epidemiologically linked to cancer and nuclear changes detected by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN). This method is extensively used in molecular epidemiology, since it determines several biomarkers of genotoxicity, such as micronucleus (biomarkers of chromosomes breakage or loss), nucleoplasmic bridges (biomarker of chromosome rearrangement, poor repair and / or telomeres fusion) and nuclear buds (biomarker of elimination of amplified DNA). The gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) is involved in homologous recombination repair of cross-links and chromosomal double-strand breaks and at least one polymorphism has been reported in codon 241, a substitution of a methionine for a threonine.

Effects of exposure to formaldehyde and tobacco smoking on genotoxicity biomarkers

Formaldehyde (FA) is a colour less gas widely used in the industry and hospitals as an aqueous solution, formalin. It is extremely reactive and induces various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Approximately 90% of human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Therefore, it could be argued that oral epithelial cells represent a preferred target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in human lymphocytes is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring DNA damage, namely the detection of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds.

Evaluation of the influence of the ADH3 ILE349VAL polymorphism in the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers in workers exposed to formaldehyde and tobacco smoking

Formaldehyde (FA) is a colourless gas widely used in the industry and hospitals as an aqueous solution, formalin. It is extremely reactive and induces various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Genetic polymorphisms in enzymes involved in the metabolism are very important and can make changes in the individual susceptibility to disease. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3 (ADH3), also known as formaldehyde dehydrogenase dependent of glutathione, is the major enzyme involved in the formaldehyde oxidation, especially in the buccal mucosa. The polymorphism in study is a substitution of an isoleucine for a valine in codon 349. The cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in human lymphocytes is one of the most commonly used methods for measuring DNA damage, namely the detection of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds, classified as genotoxicity biomarkers.

Formaldehyde's genotoxicity effects in pathology anatomy technologists and medical pathologists

Formaldehyde (FA) had been considered to be carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (group1), on the basis of sufficient evidence both in humans and in experimental animals, making it a subject of major environmental concern, especially in the occupational context. Manifold in vitro studies clearly indicated that FA is genotoxic, inducing various genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay is used extensively in molecular epidemiology, and the chromosomal alterations most reported and studied by the CBMN are: micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). The pathology anatomy laboratories are work places that manipulate routinely FA and pathology anatomy technologists and pathologists contact daily with this chemical compound particularly in the macroscopic exam and grossing procedures. The aim of this study was to identify genotoxicity biomarkers in the set workers groups, such as micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB) and nuclear buds (NBUD) in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde: effects of years of exposure in the frequency of micronucleus

Formaldehyde: an important industrial compound used in the manufacture of synthetic resins and chemical compounds such as lubricants and adhesives; also applied as a disinfectant, preservative and in cosmetics productions; relevant workplace exposure to FA also occurs in anatomy, pathology and in mortuaries; classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals; manifold in vitro studies indicated that FA can induce genotoxic effects in proliferating cultured mammalian cells. Aim of the study: to evaluate if years of exposure induced a genotoxic biomarkers increase, namely MN in lymphocytes and buccal cells, in workers occupationally exposed to FA (factory and pathology anatomy laboratory).

Interaction of formaldehyde and tobacco smoking in the frequency of micronucleus and the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism

Formaldehyde is classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (nasopharyngeal cancer). Tobacco smoke has been epidemiologically associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. XRCC3 is involved in homologous recombination repair of cross-links and chromosomal double-strand breaks (Thr241Met polymorphism). The aim of the study is to determine whether there is an in vivo association between genetic polymorphism of the gene XRCC3 and the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers in subjects exposed or not to formaldehyde and with or without tobacco consumption.

Effects of the interaction of tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption on buccal micronucleus in workers exposed occupationally to formaldehyde

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde (FA) has been shown to induce nasopharyngeal cancer and has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence in humans. Tobacco smoke has been associated to a higher risk of development of cancer, especially in the oral cavity, larynx and lungs, as these are places of direct contact with many carcinogenic tobacco’s compounds. Alcohol is a recognized agent that influence cells in a genotoxic form, been citied as a strong agent with potential in the development of carcinogenic lesions. Epidemiological evidence points to a strong synergistic effect between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the induction of cancers in the oral cavity. Approximately 90% of human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Therefore, it could be argued that oral epithelial cells represent a preferred target site for early genotoxic events induced by carcinogenic agents entering the body via inhalation and ingestion. The MN assay in buccal cells was also used to study cancerous and precancerous lesions and to monitor the effects of a number of chemopreventive agents.