Heterophoria, fusional amplitudes and stereoacuity in school aged children

The stability of binocular vision depends on good fusional amplitudes and its measurements provide information about the patient���s ability to cope with a deviation. However, weak correlations between fusional amplitudes and angle of deviation have been reported in the literature. There are no uniform normative values of fusional amplitudes, even though standards for vergence have been established since 1940s. Aims: 1) Determine the prevalence of heterephoria; 2) Determine the relationship between heterophoria, fusional amplitudes and stereoacuity in children.

Children and sand play: screening of potential harmful microorganisms in sandboxes, parks, and beaches

Sand serves as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Children, a high-risk group, can acquire infections from sand in sandboxes, recreational areas, and beaches. This paper reviews the microbes in sands, with an emphasis on fungi. Recreational areas and beach sands have been found to harbor many types of fungi and microbes. A newly emerging group of fungi of concern include the black yeast-like fungi. After establishing that sand is a reservoir for fungi, clinical manifestations of fungal infections are described with an emphasis on ocular and ear infections. Overall, we recommend environmental studies to develop monitoring strategies for sand and studies to evaluate the link between fungi exposure in sand and human health impacts.

Inclusion of children identified as having special educational needs (SEN) within the Austrian compulsory educational system

Este artigo pretende descrever v��rios aspetos da segrega����o, integra����o e inclus��o dentro do sistema educativo obrigat��rio austr��aco. Ap��s uma introdu����o que cont��m defini����es e um resumo internacional, ser�� brevemente descrito o sistema educativo da ��ustria. Subsequentemente, tr��s temas de interesse ser��o debatidos. Primeiro ser�� caracterizada a situa����o atual referente �� inclus��o de crian��as com necessidades educativas especiais. Esta situa����o difere bastante entre estados federais. Ser��o descritos os desenvolvimentos que conduziram �� situa����o atual. Em segundo ser��o apresentados estudos emp��ricos recentes relativos ao movimento austr��aco que almeja a inclus��o. Em terceiro e a t��tulo exemplificativo ser��o apresentados em detalhe alguns desenvolvimentos recentes, alguns planos e vis��es futuras de tr��s estados federais austr��acos.

Quality indicators in the education of children with profound Intellectual and multiple disabilities

Todas as crian��as, independentemente das suas necessidades, deveriam ter acesso a uma educa����o de qualidade e a serem inclu��das nas suas fam��lias e comunidades. Esta afirma����o inclui as crian��as mais vulner��veis, em particular as crian��as com dificuldades intelectuais e multidefici��ncia. Os resultados da investiga����o sobre a educa����o de crian��as com dificuldades intelectuais e multidefici��ncia ainda n��o produziram at�� ao momento informa����o suficiente que possa ser usada para desenvolver indicadores de qualidade para a avalia����o das pr��ticas e dos servi��os. A investiga����o nesta ��rea �� limitada por constrangimentos ��ticos, dificuldades na determina����o de amostras e desafios metodol��gicos, sendo reduzido o n��mero de estudos capaz de produzir a informa����o necess��ria. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir fatores que contribuam para a qualidade do envolvimento de crian��as com dificuldades intelectuais e multidefici��ncia em atividades educativas, com base na experi��ncia das autoras e na informa����o dispon��vel que tem sido publicada sobre este assunto. Com base nesta discuss��o �� sugerido um conjunto de indicadores que poder��o ajudar os profissionais a dirigir as suas observa����es para a qualidade da oferta educativa e para aspetos significativos dos desempenhos das crian��as quando envolvidas em atividades curriculares.

Aetiology of diahrroea in children under five at the Bengo General Hospital, Angola

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under five years being responsible for 760.000 deaths, corresponding to 9% of the total deaths in this age group. Africa is the region with more deaths due to diarrhoea (46%), followed by South Asia (38%). Three quarters of the total of deaths occurs within only 15 countries and Angola is in the 15th position with a record of 20,000 annual childhood deaths. Diarrhoeal disease can be caused by bacterial, viral and parasitic infectious agents and can be transmited through contaminated food or drinking water, or directly from person to person. Rotavirus and Escherichia coli were shown the most frequent pathogenic agents in developing countries. This study aims to identify the most frequent pathogenic agents of diarrhoea in children under five atttending the Bengo General Hospital (BGH)..