Optical confinement and colour separation in a double colour laser scanned photodiode (D/CLSP)

Large area n-i-p-n-i-p a-SiC:H heterostructures are used as sensing element in a Double Color Laser Scanned Photodiode image sensor (D/CLSP). This work aims to clarify possible improvements, physical limits and performance of CLSP image sensor when used as non-pixel image reader. Here, the image capture device and the scanning reader are optimized and the effects of the sensor structure on the output characteristics discussed. The role of the design of the sensing element, the doped layer composition and thickness, the read-out parameters (applied voltage and scanner frequency) on the image acquisition and the color detection process are analyzed. A physical model is presented and supported by a numerical simulation of the output characteristics of the sensor.

Optimização de exploração de centrais de ciclo combinado com a aplicação de técnicas de captura de CO2 dos efluentes gasosos

Existe cada vez mais o interesse e a procura de reduzir a pegada ecológica que os humanos deixam no planeta Terra. Apesar de, nos dias de hoje, ainda serem consumidas grandes quantidades de combustíveis fósseis existe uma preocupação crescente em usar esses combustíveis de forma eficiente assim como em usar combustíveis alternativos que promovam uma queima mais limpa. A legislação é cada vez mais restritiva nesta área. Em consequência, cresce a tecnologia que visa reduzir as emissões poluentes e aumentar a eficiência energética dos sistemas. Existem várias alternativas capazes de reduzir as emissões poluentes consoante o tipo de emissão e o poluente em questão. Assim, este trabalho tem como objectivo fazer uma breve descrição das técnicas de captura e sequestro de CO2 que se consideraram mais importantes, seleccionar uma para efectuar uma simulação e aplicar a uma situação real, neste caso específico, à Central Termoeléctrica do Ribatejo. Foi ainda realizado um estudo estatístico com o objectivo de caracterizar e analisar, de forma muito sucinta, a preocupação e opinião geral dos inquiridos para com o meio ambiente que os rodeia; assim como saber se conheciam as técnicas descritas neste trabalho, e se estariam dispostos a cobrir a utilização destas técnicas, contribuindo com uma percentagem na factura de electricidade.

Cr2O3 thin films grown at room temperature by low pressure laser chemical vapour deposition

Chromia (Cr2O3) has been extensively explored for the purpose of developing widespread industrial applications, owing to the convergence of a variety of mechanical, physical and chemical properties in one single oxide material. Various methods have been used for large area synthesis of Cr2O3 films. However, for selective area growth and growth on thermally sensitive materials, laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) can be applied advantageously. Here we report on the growth of single layers of pure Cr2O3 onto sapphire substrates at room temperature by low pressure photolytic LCVD, using UV laser radiation and Cr(CO)(6) as chromium precursor. The feasibility of the LCVD technique to access selective area deposition of chromia thin films is demonstrated. Best results were obtained for a laser fluence of 120 mJ cm(-2) and a partial pressure ratio of O-2 to Cr(CO)(6) of 1.0. Samples grown with these experimental parameters are polycrystalline and their microstructure is characterised by a high density of particles whose size follows a lognormal distribution. Deposition rates of 0.1 nm s(-1) and mean particle sizes of 1.85 mu m were measured for these films. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KrF pulsed laser deposition of chromium oxide thin films from Cr8O21 targets

Chromium oxides, CrxOy, are of great interest due to the wide variety of their technological applications. Among them, CrO2 has been extensively investigated in recent years because it is an attractive compound for use in spintronic heterostructures. However, its synthesis at low temperatures has been a difficult task due to the metastable nature of this oxide. This is indeed essential to ensure interface quality and the ability to coat thermal-sensitive materials such as those envisaged in spintronic devices. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) is a technique that has the potential to meet the requirements stated above. In this work, we describe our efforts to grow chromium oxide thin films by PLD from Cr8O21 targets, using a KrF excimer laser. The as-deposited films were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Structural and chemical composition studies showed that the films consist of a mixture of amorphous chromium oxides exhibiting different stoichiometries depending on the processing parameters, where nanocrystals of mainly Cr2O3 are dispersed. The analyses do not exclude the possibility of co-deposition of Cr2O3 and a low fraction of CrO2.

Laser-assisted deposition of thin films from photoexcited vapour phases

Laser-assisted chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) has been extensively studied in the last two decades. A vast range of applications encompass various areas such as microelectronics, micromechanics, microelectromechanics and integrated optics, and a variety of metals, semiconductors and insulators have been grown by LCVD. In this article, we review briefly the LCVD process and present two case studies of thin film deposition related to laser thermal excitation (e.g., boron carbide) and non-thermal excitation (e.g., CrO(2)) of the gas phase.

KrP laser CVD of chromium oxide by photodissociation of Cr(CO)(6)

This work reports on the synthesis of chromium oxide thin films prepared by photodissociation of Cr(CO)(6) in an oxidizing atmosphere, using a pulsed UV laser (KrF, lambda = 248 nm). The experimental conditions, which should enable the synthesis of CrO2, are discussed and results on the deposition of CrxOy films on Al2O3 (0001) substrates are presented.

Morphological and structural characterization of CrO2/Cr2O3 films grown by laser-CVD

This work reports on the synthesis of chromium (III, IV) oxides films by KrF laser-assisted CVD. Films were deposited onto sapphire substrates at room temperature by the photodissociation of Cr(CO)(6) in dynamic atmospheres containing oxygen and argon. A study of the processing parameters has shown that partial pressure ratio Of O-2 to Cr(CO)(6) and laser fluence are the prominent parameters that have to be accurately controlled in order to co-deposit both the crystalline oxide phases. Films consistent with such a two-phase system were synthesised for a laser fluence of 75 mJ cm(-2) and a partial pressure ratio of about 1. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ageing effects on the wettability behavior of laser textured silicon

In the present work we investigate the ageing of acid cleaned femtosecond laser textured < 100 > silicon surfaces. Changes in the surface structure and chemistry were analysed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in order to explain the variation with time of the water contact angles of the laser textured surfaces. It is shown that highly hydrophobic silicon surfaces are obtained immediately after laser texturing and cleaning with acid solutions (water contact angle >120 degrees). However these surfaces are not stable and ageing leads to a decrease of the water contact angle which reaches a value of 80 degrees. XPS analysis of the surfaces shows that the growth of the native oxide layer is most probably responsible for this behavior. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel method using a laser scanning cytometer for detection of Mycobacteria in clinical samples

In order to evaluate the capacity of laser scanning cytometry (LSC) to detect acid-fast bacilli directly on clinical samples, a comparison between Kinyoun-stained smears analyzed under light microscopy and propidium iodide-auramine-stained smears analyzed by LSC was performed. The results were compared with those for culture on BACTEC MGIT 960. LSC is a new, reliable methodology to detect Mycobacteria.

Estudos de absorção de CO2 com soluções aminadas

A absorção química de dióxido de carbono (CO2) através de soluções aquosas de aminas tem sido estudada nos últimos anos devido à preocupação ambiental face ao aquecimento global. Nestes estudos, foram tidos como principais objectivos a realização de ensaios preliminares de absorção e desabsorção de CO2 em soluções aquosas de aminas bem como a construção de uma instalação piloto para a mesma finalidade. Inicialmente, a nível laboratorial, procedeu-se à absorção de CO2 através de soluções aquosas de aminas. As aminas utilizadas nestes estudos foram a monoetanolamina (MEA), etilenodiamina (EDA), 1,6- hexanodiamina (HDA) e piperazina anidra (PZ). A absorção de CO2 através destas aminas foi realizada experimentalmente às condições normais de pressão e temperatura. A concentração das soluções aquosas foi de 20% em massa de cada amina. Foram também realizados estudos de regeneração das soluções aquosas de aminas saturadas de CO2 em banho de glicerina, para determinar as condições de regeneração. Para além disso, observou-se o estado físico das aminas no estado puro até saturação com CO2 para garantir a não ocorrência de danos a nível de entupimento numa posterior utilização na instalação piloto. Por fim, voltaram-se a repetir todos estes ensaios experimentais utilizando-se, em vez da água destilada, um solvente polar aprótico, dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO). Numa segunda fase destes estudos, a absorção de CO2 através de soluções aquosas de aminas foi investigada experimentalmente numa instalação piloto. O objectivo era utilizar nesta fase do estudo as mesmas aminas utilizadas nos ensaios preliminares mas uma vez que não se dispunha das quantidades necessárias de aminas e para a sua aquisição teria que se despender bastante tempo e dinheiro, utilizaram-se duas soluções aquosas de alcanolaminas. As alcanolaminas utilizadas no presente estudo foram a amina secundária dietanolamina (DEA) e a amina terciária N-metildietanolamina (MDEA), duas aminas amplamente utilizadas nas indústrias químicas e petroquímicas para a purificação dos gases de combustão. A absorção de CO2 através destas duas alcanolaminas foi realizada experimentalmente às condições normais de pressão e temperatura. As concentrações das soluções aquosas foram de (10, 20 e 30) % em massa de MDEA e de DEA. O processo de adição de cloreto de bário (BaCl2.2H2O) às alcanolaminas ajuda à formação de carbonato de bário, quando o CO2 passa através da solução de alcanolamina. A quantidade de carbonato de bário formado foi utilizado para determinar a solubilidade do CO2 (mol CO2/mol alcanolamina). O principal desafio na captura de CO2 dos gases de combustão é o de reduzir o consumo de energia necessária para a regeneração do solvente. Deste modo, foram também realizados estudos de regeneração das soluções de alcanolaminas saturadas, para determinar as condições de regeneração. Os resultados obtidos, a nível laboratorial, revelaram que uma amina secundária (PZ) e uma amina primária de cadeia longa (HDA) são mais favoráveis ao processo de absorção e regeneração de CO2. No entanto, e devido a essa mesma estrutura molecular, necessitam de maiores valores de temperaturas para desabsorver o CO2. Garantiu-se poder trabalhar com as quatro aminas no estado puro em estudos futuros, na instalação piloto, garantindo que não ocorrerão danos a nível de entupimento. Relativamente ao solvente utilizado concluiu-se que um solvente polar aprótico não é um solvente favorável para estes estudos. Os resultados obtidos, na instalação piloto, revelaram que a amina terciária, MDEA, consegue absorver maiores quantidades de CO2 do que a amina secundária, EDA, bem como é a mais fácil de regenerar com menor perda de capacidade de absorção do que a EDA.

Wetting behaviour of femtosecond laser textured Ti-6Al-4V surfaces

The aim of the present work was to investigate the wetting behaviour of biomedical grade Ti-6Al-4V alloy surfaces textured by a femtosecond laser treatment. The material was treated in ambient atmosphere using an Yb: KYW chirped-pulse-regenerative amplification laser with a wavelength of 1030 nm and a pulse duration of 500 fs. Four main types of surface textures were obtained depending on the processing parameters and laser treatment method. These textures consist of: (1) nanoscale laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS); (2) nanopillars; (3) a bimodal roughness distribution texture formed of LIPSS overlapping microcolumns; (4) a complex texture formed of LIPSS overlapping microcolumns with a periodic variation of the columns size in the laser scanning direction. The wettability of the surfaces was evaluated by the sessile drop method using distilled-deionized (DD) water and Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) as testing liquids. The laser treated surfaces present a hydrophilic behaviour as well as a high affinity for the saline solution, with equilibrium contact angles in the ranges 24.1-76.2. for DD water and 8.4-61.8. for HBSS. The wetting behaviour is anisotropic, reflecting the anisotropy of the surface textures. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural, electrical and magnetic studies of Co:SnO2 and (Co,Mo):SnO2 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

Here we report on the structural, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of Co-doped and (Co,Mo)-codoped SnO2 thin films deposited on r-cut sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Substrate temperature during deposition was kept at 500 degrees C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the undoped and doped films are crystalline with predominant orientation along the [1 0 1] direction regardless of the doping concentration and doping element. Optical studies revealed that the presence of Mo reverts the blue shift trend observed for the Co-doped films. For the Co and Mo doping concentrations studied, the incorporation of Mo did not contribute to increase the conductivity of the films or to enhance the ferromagnetic order of the Co-doped films. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental Measurements and Correlation of the Solubility of Three Primary Amides in Supercritical CO2: Acetanilide, Propanamide, and Butanamide

Solubilities of three primary amides, namely, acetanilide, propanamide, and butanamide, in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured at T = (308.2, 313.2, and 323.2) K over the pressure range (9.0 to 40.0) MPa by a flow type apparatus. The solubility behavior of the three solids shows an analogous trend with a crossover region of the respective isotherms between (12 to 14) MPa. The solubility of each amide, at the same temperature and pressure, decreases from propanamide to acetanilide. Pure compound properties required for the modeling were estimated, and the solubilities of the amides were correlated by using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state with an absolute average relative deviation (AARD) from (1.3 to 6.1) %.

Sub-micron structuring of silicon using femtosecond laser interferometry

We report the fabrication of planar sub-micron gratings in silicon with a period of 720 nm using a modified Michelson interferometer and femtosecond laser radiation. The gratings consist of alternated stripes of laser ablated and unmodified material. Ablated stripes are bordered by parallel ridges which protrude above the unmodified material. In the regions where ridges are formed, the laser radiation intensity is not sufficient to cause ablation. Nevertheless, melting and a significant temperature increase are expected, and ridges may be formed due to expansion of silicon during resolidification or silicon oxidation. These conclusions are consistent with the evolution of the stripes morphology as a function of the distance from the center of the grating. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interdiffusion at Sb/Ge interfaces induced in thin multilayer films by nanosecond laser irradiation

Thin films consisting of 3 or 4 Sb and Ge alternating layers are irradiated with single nanosecond laser pulses (12 ns, 193 nm). Real time reflectivity (RTR) measurements are performed during irradiation, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to obtain the concentration depth profiles before and after irradiation. Interdiffusion of the elements takes place at the layer interfaces within the liquid phase. The reflectivity transients allow to determine the laser energy thresholds both to induce and to saturate the process being both thresholds dependent on the multilayer configuration. It is found that the energy threshold to initiate the process is lower when Sb is at the surface while the saturation is reached at lower energy densities in those configurations with thinner layers.