Analysis of mediation and reciprocal effects of changes in weight, self-esteem, and exercise in a behavioral weight loss treatment

Improving the treatment of obesity remains a critical challenge. Several health behaviour change models, often based on a social-cognitive framework, have been used to design weight management interventions (Baranowski et al., 2003). However, most interventions have only produced modest weight reductions (Wadden et al., 2002) and socialcognitive variables have shown limited power to predict weight outcomes (Palmeira et al., 2007). Other predictors, and possibl alte nati e e planatory models, are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which weight loss and other obesity treatment-outcomes are brought about (Baranowski, 2006). Self-esteem is one of these possible mechanisms, because is commonly reported to change during the treatment, although these changes are not necessarily associated with weight loss (Blaine et al., 2007; Maciejewski et al., 2005). This possibility should be more evident if the program integrates regular exercise, as it promotes improvements in subjective well-being (Biddle & Mutrie, 2001), with possible influences on long-term behavioral adherence (e.g. diet, exercise). Following the reciprocal effects model tenets (Marsh & Craven, 2006), we expect that the influences between changes in weight, selfesteem and exercise to be reciprocal and might present one of the mechanisms by which obesity treatments can be improved.

Predictors of Successful Weight Control: Cross-Cultural Moderators of Treatment Outcomes

Given the heterogeneity of effect sizes within the population for any treatment, identifying moderators of outcomes is critical [1]. In weight management programs, there is a high individual variability in terms of weight loss and an overall modest success [2]. Some people will adopt and sustain attitudes and behaviors associated with weight loss, while others won’t [3]. To predict weight loss outcome just from the subject’s baseline information would be very valuable [4,5]. It would allow to: - Better match between treatments and individuals - Identify the participants with less probability of success (or potential dropouts) in a given treatment and direct them to alternative therapies - Target limited resources to those most likely to succeed - Increase cost-effectiveness and improve success rates of the programs Few studies have been dedicated to describe baseline predictors of treatment success. The Healthy Weight for Life (USA) study is one of the few. Its findings are now being cross-validated in Portuguese samples. This paper describes these cross-cultural comparisons.

A suplementação com extracto de "Ascophyllum nodosum" está associada às modificações antropométricas registadas em mulheres com excesso de peso e obesos durante um ensaio aleatorizado de restrição energética

Uma formulação oral sob a forma de cápsulas contendo um extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum, foi testada em mulheres com execesso de peso e obesas (n=42) numa dieta hipocalórica. A vinte e um indivíduos foi atribuído, para além da dieta hipocalórica, o extrato de algas castanhas comestíveis, enquanto que outros 21 indivíduos seguiram apenas a dieta hipocalórica. Após 8 semanas de suplementação, foi observada no grupo que recebeu o extrato de algas castanhas comestíveis uma diminuição nas médias de: perda de peso, índice de massa coporal e perímetro da anca. O consumo de extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum, durante a restrição energética ao longo de 8 semanas, mudou a antropometria nestas mulheres com excesso de peso e obesas.

A Study on the Efficiency of Synbiotics for Prevention and Control of Diarrhoea in 21 Dogs Submitted to Radiotherapy

A synbiotic is a formulation containing both probiotics and prebiotics. This study aims to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a synbiotic containing Enterococcus faecium strain E1707 (NCIMB 10415) in preventing or controlling diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal signs in boarded canine radiotherapy patients. A double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trial was carried out in 21 adult dogs undergoing radiotherapy and boarded for a duration period of 2 to 3 weeks to treat their cancers. Dogs were randomly divided between two groups: A and B, the synbiotic and placebo group, respectively. The content of the sachets was added to the food once daily. Faecal score was assessed daily, and dogs were also monitored for the development of diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal signs such as weight loss, reduced appetite and vomiting. The results from descriptive statistics seem to favour group B, however these findings were not validated with inferential statistics due to insufficient statistical sample power. Because of this, it is not possible to make conclusions about the benefits of synbiotic as supportive treatment for dogs undergoing radiotherapy. All results should be considered to be preliminary, until they are elucidated by further animal inclusion.

Estudo restrospectivo de pancreatite canina em 41 casos

A pancreatite, apesar de relativamente comum na medicina canina, continua a constituir um desafio devido à sua elevada complexidade patogénica, sinais clínicos não patognomónicos, diagnóstico por vezes difícil e tratamento inespecífico. De forma a realizar um estudo retrospectivo foram avaliados registos médicos de 41 canídeos diagnosticados com pancreatite, apresentados à consulta entre 2007 e 2013, de forma a caracterizar o doente pancreático. As características do animal, história clinica, sinais clínicos apresentados, métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento instituído foram analisados. Como critérios de inclusão neste estudo encontram-se a medição de cPLI com resultados acima do valor de referência e a realização de ecografia abdominal. A ecografia demonstrou evidências de pancreatite em 81% dos casos, sendo este valor superior aos 68% encontrados na literatura. Os sinais clínicos apresentados mais comuns foram vómito (39), prostração (38), dor abdominal (36), perda de peso e anorexia (26), desidratação (25), diarreia (21) e febre (5). Todos os animais foram submetidos a tratamento médico, tendo sido apenas 4 deles sujeitos também a cirurgia. A taxa de sobrevivência nos animais com tratamento médico foi de 95% e de 50 % nos animais com tratamento médico e cirúrgico.