The dark side of the Mediterranean : expression of fear from the inquisition to the present

Inside the stones of its most famous buildings, Évora keeps mysteries and secrets which constitute the most hidden side of its cultural identity. A World Heritage site, this town seems to preserve, in its medieval walls, a precious knowledge of the most universal and ancient human emotion: fear. Trying to transcend many of its past and future fears, some of its historical monuments in Gothic style were erected against the fear of death, the most terrible of all fears, which the famous inscription, in the Bones Chapel of the Church of São Francisco, insistently reminds us, through the most disturbing words: “Nós ossos que aqui estamos pelos vossos esperamos”. If the first inquisitors worked in central Europe (Germany, northern Italy, eastern France), later the centres of the Inquisition were established in the Mediterranean regions, especially southern France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Consequently, the roots of fear in Évora are common to other towns, where the Inquisition developed a culture of fear, through which we can penetrate into the dark side of the Mediterranean, where people were subjected to the same terrifying methods of persecution and torture. This common geographical and historical context was not ignored by one of the most famous masters of American gothic fiction, Edgar Allan Poe. Through the pages of The Pit and the Pendulum, readers get precise images of the fearful instruments of terror that were able to produce the legend that has made the first grand inquisitor, Tomas de Torquemada, a symbol of ultimate cruelty, bigotry, intolerance, and religious fanaticism, which unfortunately are still the source of our present fears in a time when religious beliefs can be used again as a motif of war and destruction. As Krishnamurti once suggested, only a fundamental realization of the root of all fear can free our minds.

Mistificação e política : ideologia e mito

Esta dissertação tem como fim último aplainar o caminho para um profícuo debate entre o marxismo e a Ciência Política. Para isso procura responder aos questionamentos feitos pelo mainstream do campo contra o marxismo como um suposto economicismo. A dissertação principia relocalizando, a partir das obras dos fundadores do marxismo, Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels, e de seus mais destacados seguidores, Vladimir Lénine, Antonio Gramsci e Louis Althusser, a verdadeira relação entre as esferas material e ideal, bem como assim entre economia e política. Como elemento exemplificador da importância da política e da esfera ideal para o marxismo se tratará daquele elemento que propicia a ação social sobre si mesma e sua base material, a consciência. Será então o objeto central desta dissertação o estudo de uma forma de consciência criticada pelo marxismo sob o nome de ideologia: a consciência mistificada. Esta se expressará em duas formas distintas: a ideologia e o mito. Define-se então os dois conceitos de forma inovadora e finaliza-se com o estudo de um caso específico de ideologia, o sebastianismo, em sua distinta expressão no sertão brasileiro. Se enfocará um dos movimentos menos conhecidos, o do Reino da Pedra Encantada do Rodeador.