Low cost eye tracking for human-machine interfacing

One of the main challenges for developers of new human-computer interfaces is to provide a more natural way of interacting with computer systems, avoiding excessive use of hand and finger movements. In this way, also a valuable alternative communication pathway is provided to people suffering from motor disabilities. This paper describes the construction of a low cost eye tracker using a fixed head setup. Therefore a webcam, laptop and an infrared lighting source were used together with a simple frame to fix the head of the user. Furthermore, detailed information on the various image processing techniques used for filtering the centre of the pupil and different methods to calculate the point of gaze are discussed. An overall accuracy of 1.5 degrees was obtained while keeping the hardware cost of the device below 100 euros.

Attention and selection behavior on ‘universal search’ result pages

The ISO norm line 9241 states some criteria for ergonomics of human system interaction. In markets with a huge variety of offers and little possibility of differentiation, providers can gain a decisive competitive advantage by user oriented interfaces. A precondition for this is that relevant information can be obtained for entrepreneurial decisions in this regard. To test how users of universal search result pages use those pages and pay attention to different elements, an eye tracking experiment with a mixed design has been developed. Twenty subjects were confronted with search engine result pages (SERPs) and were instructed to make a decision while conditions “national vs. international city” and “with vs. without miniaturized Google map” were used. Different parameters like fixation count, duration and time to first fixation were computed from the eye tracking raw data and supplemented by click rate data as well as data from questionnaires. Results of this pilot study revealed some remarkable facts like a vampire effect on miniaturized Google maps. Furthermore, Google maps did not shorten the process of decision making, Google ads were not fixated, visual attention on SERPs was influenced by position of the elements on the SERP and by the users’ familiarity with the search target. These results support the theory of Amount of Invested Mental Effort (AIME) and give providers empirical evidence to take users’ expectations into account. Furthermore, the results indicated that the task oriented goal mode of participants was a moderator for the attention spent on ads. Most important, SERPs with images attracted the viewers’ attention much longer than those without images. This unique selling proposition may lead to a distortion of competition on markets.

EZ-BUD : orçamentação na nuvem

Não é novidade que o paradigma vigente baseia-se na Internet, em que cada vez mais aplicações mudam o seu modelo de negócio relativamente a licenciamento e manutenção, para passar a oferecer ao utilizador final uma aplicação mais acessível no que concerne a licenciamento e custos de manutenção, já que as aplicações se encontram distribuídas eliminando os custos de capitais e operacionais inerentes a uma arquitetura centralizada. Com a disseminação das Interfaces de Programação de Aplicações (Application Programming Interfaces – API) baseadas na Internet, os programadores passaram a poder desenvolver aplicações que utilizam funcionalidades disponibilizadas por terceiros, sem terem que as programar de raiz. Neste conceito, a API das aplicações Google® permitem a distribuição de aplicações a um mercado muito vasto e a integração com ferramentas de produtividade, sendo uma oportunidade para a difusão de ideias e conceitos. Este trabalho descreve o processo de conceção e implementação de uma plataforma, usando as tecnologias HTML5, Javascript, PHP e MySQL com integração com ®Google Apps, com o objetivo de permitir ao utilizador a preparação de orçamentos, desde o cálculo de preços de custo compostos, preparação dos preços de venda, elaboração do caderno de encargos e respetivo cronograma.