Research in Architecture: Looking Backward and Forward: Forty-Year Experience in Architectural Research at the Faculty of Architecture STU

The introduction of my contribution contains a brief information on the Faculty of Architecture of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (FA STU) and the architectural research performed at this institution. Schemes and priorities of our research in architecture have changed several times since the very beginning in early 50’s. The most significant change occurred after “the velvet revolution” in 1989. Since 1990 there have been several sources to support research at universities. The significant part of my contribution is rooted in my own research experience since the time I had joined FA STU in 1975 as a young architect and researcher. The period of the 80’s is characterized by the first unintentional attempts to do “research by design” and my “scientific” achievements as by-products of my design work. Some of them resulted in the following issues: conception of mezzo-space, theory of the complex perception of architectural space and definition of basic principles of ecologically conscious architecture. Nowadays I continue my research by design within the application of so called solar envelope in urban scale with my students.

Architecture & Research: a possible structure

This article results from three conferences organized by the research project titled “Architectural research framework” developed by the research center Architectural Lab – LabART – of the Lusófona University, and also by my personal experiences and dialogs with other members of the EAAE research committee. Architectural research always existed, but only recently some major questions have emerged, by the time that Europe started the last universitary reform on the 80’s. Two aspects are crucial in understanding the problematic that we are referring to. On the one hand we verify that the architectural teaching should maintain the articulation and close relationship between the theoretical and practical aspects. On the other hand, there is a need to confer academic degrees, as the MsC and PhD’s in the Faculties of Architecture. Inevitably, discussions began about the scientificity of architecture (its grounding), the types of research, methodological models, as well as on the evaluation criteria and the quality of research, or the relevance of the results. We will try to approach some of these discussions, and by the end, establish a basic structure that allows us to obtain an open model for research in architecture.

The inclusive process of training in social museology: alternative museology in action in Carapateira, Portugal

Pierre Mayrand is a long-time member of ICTOP and founder of MINOM. He did graduate studies in Montreal and overseas, studying art history with a specialization in architecture and urban planning. In 1970, when the Université du Québec was founded, Pierre entered the teaching profession, participating (as director, professor, and researcher) in the setting up of programs in national heritage, museology and cultural development. He is still active in teaching and project development now as a altermuseologist.

From architecturology to architecturological research

This paper presents a genesis of the French research field of Architecturology, from its creation to the current researches developed from it, at ARIAM-LAREA (National School of Architecture of Paris-la-Villette Laboratory of modeling for computer aids of cognitive activity of conception). Architecturology has been thought at the creation of French Schools of Architecture that has been initiated with the French movement of 1968 May. Its major aim is to build specific knowledge on architecture for learning architecture. The first book of the beginnings of this scientific field is “Sur l’espace architectural” written by Ph. Boudon and published in 1971. It’s currently constituted with a scientific systemic language and a paradigm that help to explain cognitive activity of design named by it, conception. This scientific language has been published in “Enseigner la conception architecturale: cours d’architecturologie” written by Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, F. Pousin and F. Shatz, and published in 1994 and in 2000, in “Echelle(s)” published in 2002 and which gathers different articles of Ph. Boudon and, in different articles of the team of LAREA - Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, F. Pousin, F. Shatz and C. Lecourtois. From this scientific language and the paradigm of Architecturology, I develop methods for extending the field of knowledge of this point of view by doing researches in architecture. These methods are gathered into the concept of Applied Architecturology. In 2005, LAREA has merged with a research team interested in Computer Aided Design, named ARIAM. To create ARIAM-LAREA, we have built a new research program on Computer Aided Conception where we use Applied Architecturology for 1) producing new knowledge on implications of Computer in cognitive activity of design and 2) developing new software to Support some operations of conception. This paper exposes my current research work and three theses that I co-lead at ARIAMLAREA on this object.

Research by design : a research strategy

The idea of an expressive component in research is important to the architectural industry. The expressive element - the possibility of expressing the qualitative aspects of the world and adding something new to the existing through experiments and proposals - is characteristic for the field. All research environments, in the science tradition and in the humanities, have their characteristics. On the one hand, they live up to certain common scientific and methodological criteria - originality and transparency – and on the other hand, they have different practices, using different methods. Research is ‘coloured’ by traditions and professions, and research in architecture should be coloured too, taking into consideration that the practice of architects stretches from natural science and sociology to art and that the most important way in which the architect achieves new cognition is through work with form and space – drawings, models and completed works. Probably all good design is informed by some kind of research – research- based design. But can research arise from design?

ARX, model thinking: taxonomy and operativity of an architectural process

The purpose of this work was to establish a taxonomy of hand made model construction as a platform for an approach to project an operative method in architecture. It was therefore studied and catalogued in a systematic approach a broad model production in the work of ARX. A wide range of families and sub-families of models were found, with different purposes according to each phase of development, from searching steps for a new possible configuration to detailed refined decisions. This working method revealed as most relevant characteristics, the grounds for a potential personal reflection and open discussion on project method, its flexibility on space modeling, an accuracy on the representation of real construction situations and its constant and stimulating opening to new suggestions. This research helped on a meta-reflection about this method, having been useful on creating a consciousness of processes that pretend to become an autonomous language, knowledge that might become useful to those who pretend to implement a haptic modus operandi in the work of an architectural project.

Dispositivos de iluminação natural: a sua evolução na arquitectura

Este estudo apresenta uma perspectiva da ‘janela’, como o dispositivo mais frequente de iluminação, na sua evolução e significado na arquitectura. A sua capacidade de caracterizar tendências e estilos arquitectónicos, permanece desde as primeiras referências históricas até aos elementos desenvolvidos e associados à iluminação natural dos dias de hoje. O interesse por este tema surgiu, principalmente, por ser o elemento arquitectónico que desde sempre permitiu a entrada de luz natural nas construções. Foi sempre um dos pontos de ligação e relação do interior com o exterior. Em determinadas situações tornou-se num elemento tão discreto, que nos passou despercebido, além de ter sido ocasionalmente desvalorizado. A janela ou dispositivo de iluminação natural, quando utilizado correctamente pode trazer muitos benefícios à arquitectura, assim como proporcionar conforto térmico sem necessidade de gastos energéticos excessivos.

Vozes d'África Transatlântica: trajetórias estudantis de Cabo Verde e da Guiné-Bissau - programa de estudantes - convénio de graduação

A presente investigação tem como centralidade a mobilidade internacional de estudantes no caso, a dos africanos oriundos de Cabo Verde e da Guiné-Bissau, participantes do Programa Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, inserida no fenômeno da internacionalização universitária, acentuada na globalização. O objetivo principal foi analisar o processo de inserção social e acadêmica desses estudantes, com ênfase para os dos cursos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Ciências da Computação, Engenharia da Computação e Medicina, nessa Instituição de Ensino Superior - IES. A metodologia foi norteada pela conjugação dos aportes teóricos e metodológicos qualiquantitativa, em que, na primeira, utilizou-se da entrevista semiestrutura dirigida para dezesseis sujeitos; sendo, a metade estudantes e a outra docentes, cuja análise optou-se pela Análise de Discurso (AD) da linha francesa, resultando as formações discursivas: motivações da mobilidade, registro nacional de estrangeiro, identidade étnica, relações étnicoraciais e o PEC-G: seu funcionamento nas práticas sociais na UFRN. Já a pesquisa quantitativa, foi constituída pela aplicação do questionário para o universo de 40 estudantes dos dois grupos e de todas as áreas de conhecimento, cuja interpretação dos dados, recorreu-se ao Programa SPSS. Já, para o recorte dos cursos específicos, foi utilizado, o do Google Doc, os quais, estão expressos em tabelas e gráficos. Os resultados revelaram que essa mobilidade estudantil africana está imersa por um misto de semelhanças e diferenças entre o Brasil e dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Poruguesa - PALOP; e mais dos contextos das hierarquias entre os países centrais, semiperiféricos e periféricos, provocadas pelas políticas de reajustes estruturais sobre os serviços educacionais, Sousa (Santos 2008; 2010), que se refletem nas trajetórias acadêmicas temporária no país de acolhimento. Aqui, também, enfrenta as fragilidades e os avanços das políticas públicas do Sistema de Ensino Superior, implementadas pelo governo brasileiro nas IES. Em termos quantitativos para os quatros cursos analisados, em diferentes e curtos períodos, quanto a distribuição de vagas (acesso), formas de desligamentos e conclusão apontaram especificidades. E, grosso modo, o curso de Medicina, apresentou os melhores índices de conclusão, seguidos, pelos de Arquitetura e da Engenharia da Computação. A maioria dos estudantes são do sexo masculino, mais da metade está representada pelos oriundos de Cabo Verde, o restante, pelos da Guiné-Bissau. Enquanto, no curso de Ciências da Computação, foi nula a conclusão de curso, e em função deste histórico de baixo desempenho dos estudantes-convênio PEC-G, teria havido o fechamento de vagas. Mas, verificando-se, que os índices de conclusão nesses cursos, apresentou uma média abaixo dos cursos de graduação da UFRN, nos quais, esses estudantes são minoria ao lado dos afrobrasileiros nas universidades do Brasil.