A matter of fundamentals : sound and silence in the radio drama of Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett was arguably one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. Known for his stage plays, including the renowned En attendant Godot (1948), Beckett’s contribution to the field of radio drama is often overlooked. His corpus of radio dramas included some of the most innovativeradio works of the post-World War II period. For Beckett, radio drama was not exclusively verbocentric, for he always maintained that his work was “a matter of fundamental sounds (no joke intended) made as fully as possible” (Frost 362). His (radio) drama aesthetics defined a strict hierarchy of sound whereby the dramatist balances sound effects, music and the characters’ dialogue – and the use of silence. In this essay, I examine the juxtaposition of sound and silence in Samuel Beckett’s most influential radio dramas: All That Fall, Embers, Words and Music and Cascando. In the end, this essay will show that the sounds and silence employed in Beckett’s radio dramatic works were inextricably linked, which added to the overall meaning of his dramas.

''The Sound Sweep'' de J. G. Ballard e a memória do som

A memória auditiva é um misto de lembrança e de construção. É neste binómio que se jogam as nossas memorias áudio, quer as individuais, quer as coletivas. Este ensaio parte do conto de Ballard, The Sound Sweep, como forma de lançar estas questões. Em The Sound Sweep Ballard descreve-nos uma cantora de ópera aposentada que anseia pelo seu regresso aos palcos. A razão da sua decadência deve-se ao aparecimento de uma nova manifestação musical, a música ultrassónica. Madame Gioconda torna-se amiga de Mangon, um jovem mudo mas que ouve muito bem. Mangon tem por profissão ser uma espécie de limpador de sons. Opera uma máquina chamada sonovac que tem por função apagar todos os vestígios de sons antigos. Mangon, mais algumas pessoas do círculo de Madame Gioconda, montam a estratégia de organizar um espetáculo que será o seu regresso à atividade, espetáculo em que ela vai cantar mas não vai ser ouvida; o sonovac de Mangon estará lá para apagar qualquer vestígio de som sem que ela dê conta. Mas, à última hora, Mangon resolve destruir o seu sonovac e ela acaba por cantar... mal, muito mal, fazendo toda a gente sair da sala. A questão central a analisar é a da memória do som. Nesta ficção de Ballard há elementos interessantes que nos ajudam a refletir sobre esse tema. Parte-se da ficção de Ballard e lançam-se questões que estão bem presentes no universo real que habitamos. De certa forma, desenvolve-se também a questão de saber o que é que a ficção tem a ver com a realidade, sobretudo em termos de som e música.

The light representation of religion and power in sound

The thematic and anathematic in music-making a reflection occurring after listening to an art song and a pop song from the 19th and 20th century Levantine music. Bach’s Orchestral Suites keep popping up, elegantly unveiling “the truth”.

Memory and power : two movements

The institutions that work with the preservation and diffusion of cultural heritage - be them archive, libraries, museums, art galleries or cultural centres - present a certain discourse about reality. To understand this discourse, composed by sound and silence, by fullness and emptiness, by presence and absence, by remembrance and forgetting, an operation is implied, not only with the enunciation of speech and its gaps, but also the comprehension of that which causes to speak, of who is speaking and of the point whence one speaks. Preservation and destruction, or, in another way, conservation and loss, walk hand in hand in the arteries of life. As suggested by Nietzsche (1999, p.273), it is impossible to live without loss, it is entirely impossible to live avoiding destruction to play its game and drive the dynamics of life on. However, by means of a kind of tautological argument, one often justifies preservation by the imminence of loss and memory by the threat of forgetting. Thus, one ceases to consider that the game and the rules of the game between forgetting and memory are not fed by themselves and that preservation and destruction are not opposed in a deadly duel, but instead they complement one another and are always at the service of subjects that build themselves and are built through social practices. To indicate that memories and forgettings can be sown and cultivated corroborates the importance of working towards the denaturalisation of these concepts and towards the understanding that they result from a construction process also involving other forces, such as: power. Power is a sower, a promoter of memories and forgettings.