Las Psicoterapias Comportamentales y Cognitivas en los Trastornos de Salud Mental en España

Partiendo del principio de la imposibilidad de separar la salud mental de la salud en general, podemos afirmar que más del 75% de los psicólogos españoles se declaran enmarcados en el llamado modelo cognitivo-conductual de evaluación e intervención en el campo de la psicología clínica Sin embargo, a la luz de la expansión en la aplicación de la psicología y a los nuevos retos que ello plantea, en estas líneas nos ha parecido más interesante definir las funciones y enmarcar los ámbitos de actuación de los psicólogos que trabajan en el campo de la salud mental en particular y de la salud en general.

Intervención Psicológica en Mujeres Menopáusicas: Implantación de un Programa para la Reducción de la Ansiedad y Depresión

La ansiedad y la tristeza son respuestas emocionales naturales, que se dan en todos los seres humanos; sin embargo, altos niveles de estas respuestas pueden dar lugar a desórdenes emocionales, que con frecuencia se asocian a las mujeres en la época de la menopausia (Hunter, 1990; Sánchez-Cánovas, 1996). En este trabajo, se presenta un programa de intervención cognitivo-conductual, cuyo objetivo es reducir los niveles de ansiedad y depresión en un grupo de mujeres (n=9), con edades comprendidas entre los 50 y 61 años. Se implantó en el C.I.S. de Arganzuela (Ayuntamiento de Madrid). El programa de intervención se desarrolló en 15 sesiones, organizadas en tres fases: evaluación pretratamiento, tratamiento y evaluación postratamiento. Para la evaluación pre y postratamiento se utilizaron las siguientes pruebas: Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad -ISRA-(Miguel Tobal y Cano Vindel, 1986, 1988, 1994), el Inventario para la Depresión de Beck -BDI-(Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock y Erbaugh, 1961; Beck, Rush, Shaw y Emery, 1979) y el Inventario de Solución y Afrontamiento de Problemas -ISAP-(Miguel Tobal, J.J. y Casado, M.I., 1992). El tratamiento se centró en el aprendizaje y puesta en marcha de distintas técnicas cognitivo -conductuales destinadas al control de las variables psicológicas mencionadas anteriormente. Los resultados obtenidos cubren de forma positiva los objetivos planteados, reduciéndose los niveles de ansiedad y depresión significativamente, produciéndose, por tanto una mejora en su bienestar psicológico.

Intervenção psicológica forense na área da saúde mental - Inimputabilidade

RESUMO: Este trabalho é realizado com o objectivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da Esquizofrenia e a sua relação com a criminalidade e a melhor forma de intervir psicológica e socialmente com o intuito de reabilitar o doente mental e reinseri-lo na sociedade, evitando fenómenos de estigma e exclusão social. Sendo este tema muito abrangente e complexo, o que se pretende, de forma descritiva, é abordar noções, segundo uma perspectiva psicológica forense, que permitam a reflexão sobre o estatuto de inimputável e a medida a aplicar a estes sujeitos (criminosos ou doentes mentais?) com características muito peculiares. Torna-se evidente a necessidade de desenvolver esforços no sentido de prevenir e reabilitar clínica e socialmente os indivíduos que sofrem de doença mental e que por razão desta cometeram um crime, nomeadamente através da criação de programas de intervenção adequados à casuística. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho é proposto um modelo de intervenção psicossocial, aqui elaborado sob a forma de programa de intervenção comunitário, tendo como principais objectivos, a reabilitação clínica e a reinserção social do utente na comunidade local, a prevenção da recidiva da doença e a reincidência no crime, a redução do estigma e exclusão social associado à doença mental e a promoção do acesso aos direitos e à igualdade de oportunidades.

A System Dynamics-Based Simulation Experiment for Testing Mental Model and Performance Effects of Using the Balanced Scorecard

This study develops a theoretical model that explains the effectiveness of the balanced scorecard approach by means of a system dynamics and feedback learning perspective. Presumably, the balanced scorecard leads to a better understanding of context, allowing managers to externalize and improve their mental models. We present a set of hypotheses about the influence of the balanced scorecard approach on mental models and performance. A test based on a simulation experiment that uses a system dynamics model is performed. The experiment included three types of parameters: financial indicators; balanced scorecard indicators; and balanced scorecard indicators with the aid of a strategy map review. Two out of the three hypotheses were confirmed. It was concluded that a strategy map review positively influences mental model similarity, and mental model similarity positively influences performance.

A Feedback Learning and Mental Models Perspective on Strategic Decision Making

This study aims to be a contribution to a theoretical model that explains the effectiveness of the learning and decision-making processes by means of a feedback and mental models perspective. With appropriate mental models, managers should be able to improve their capacity to deal with dynamically complex contexts, in order to achieve long-term success. We present a set of hypotheses about the influence of feedback information and systems thinking facilitation on mental models and management performance. We explore, under controlled conditions, the role of mental models in terms of structure and behaviour. A test based on a simulation experiment with a system dynamics model was performed. Three out of the four hypotheses were confirmed. Causal diagramming positively influences mental model structure similarity, mental model structure similarity positively influences mental model behaviour similarity, and mental model behaviour similarity positively influences the quality of the decision.

A Feedback Learning and Mental Models Perspective on Strategic Decision Making

This study aims to be a contribution to a theoretical model that explains the effectiveness of the learning and decision-making processes by means of a feedback and mental models perspective. With appropriate mental models, managers should be able to improve their capacity to deal with dynamically complex contexts, in order to achieve long-term success. We present a set of hypotheses about the influence of feedback information and systems thinking facilitation on mental models and management performance. We explore, under controlled conditions, the role of mental models in terms of structure and behaviour. A test based on a simulation experiment with a system dynamics model was performed. Three out of the four hypotheses were confirmed. Causal diagramming positively influences mental model structure similarity, mental model structure similarity positively influences mental model behaviour similarity, and mental model behaviour similarity positively influences the quality of the decision