Da certeza e doublethink : Orwell e Wittgenstein

É meu objectivo, neste artigo, voltar a considerar a noção de Doublethink de Orwell, com referência ao pensamento posterior de Ludwig Wittgenstein. No mundo perturbado de Doublethink que Orwell descreve em Mil Novecentos e Oitenta e Quatro, muitas vezes parece que certeza sobre qualquer coisa se tornou impossível, estando tudo aberto à dúvida. Na verdade, defendo que a certeza é mais fundamental ao Doublethink do que a dúvida, e que Doublethink em Mil Novecentos e Oitenta e Quatro surge frequentemente porque as certezas das personagens chocam com coisas das quais seria muito mais lógico duvidar. Embora alguns aspectos do pensamento de Wittgenstein sobre crença pareceriam deixar muito pouco espaço para o fenómeno de Doublethink, noutros aspectos uma compreensão Wittgensteiniana de crença, conhecimento e certeza constitui uma boa posição para o analisar. Tanto Wittgenstein como Orwell exploram a relação entre verdade e conhecimento, certeza e crença como ligada à relação entre verdade e linguagem, comportamento e prática social.

Recensao de: I. K. Healy, Social Work Practices: Contemporary Perspectives on Change, London, Sage, 2000.

Revista Lusófona de Ciências Sociais

Il silenzio e l’umanità autentica : antropologia ed etica fra Montaigne e Heidegger

During the long history of Western thought, silence has always represented the main condition for the development of a deep meditation about the Self. Through this activity, which could seem to be in contrast with social life and philosophical praxis, several thinkers have tried to reach the spiritual nature of human beings. However, when they had to assign a foundation to it, the same meditation, which had started from the same bases, brought them to opposite conclusions. The motive for this divergence is grounded on the fact that materiality is not the only component that constitutes silence, since it has indeed a complex nature and so it consists also of an immaterial part. In addition, this inner and more hidden aspect could only be perceived through a direct contact that is rarely and personally achieved. As a consequence of this complexity, beside an interpretation of silence as a manifestation of God’s voice and a proof of the transcendent peculiarity of human beings, another reading has developed along a parallel path. This interpretation has represented silence as an expression of an utterly immanent spirituality that characterizes humanity. Two authors, in particular, can exhibit this frequently forgotten second stream of Western thought that has unceasingly run from Hellenistic age to contemporary culture: they are Michel de Montaigne and Martin Heidegger. This essay seeks to rebuild this long and complex plot of the history of Western thought through the texts’ recourse. At the same time, it seeks to grasp, in the relationship between men and silence, some fundamental prerequisites that could be considered absolutely necessary in order to design an anthropology and, consequently, an ethics with the characteristics of a recovered authenticity. These two renovated categories, according to the immanent feature of silence, have their own justification exclusively in the voice of human conscience and their purpose lies precisely in the relationship with others.

Validade comunitária e contextos de realização: anotações em espelho sobre a concepção jurisprudencialista do sistema

Considering the specific conception of the legal system proposed by Castanheira Neves’ jurisprudentialism — as a reinvention which may be capable of critically re-thinking and re-experiencing Law’s constitutive cultural-civilizational originarium in a «limit-situation» such as our own —,this essay explores some main challenges and tensions, which contemporary practical thought autonomously recognizes: those challenges and tensions which we identify when invoking the counterpoints plurality/ unity, dogmatic presupposition / critical self-reflection, societas / communitas, legality / morality (but also particular/ universal).