El paisaje cultural como paisaje dialógico: una arquitectura hacia el futuro

A partir de las teorías dialógicas de Mijaíl Bajtín, la Comunicación pretende demostrar que la calidad de las arquitecturas del futuro dependerá de la posibilidad de construir con ellas un paisaje cultural, definido en los términos del arquitecto Amos Rapoport, que consiga tener un valor estético, científico y ético, dialógicos. Esto, tanto respecto a las relaciones entre naturaleza y técnica como en cuanto a las posibles vinculaciones entre forma construida y comportamiento social. Los modernos algoritmos genéticos no deben escapar de esta disciplina general de evaluación dialógica, sin la cual, cualquier paisaje construido sería “automáticamente” arquitectura. Ello obliga, necesariamente, a una interacción entre disciplinas y a una formación interdisciplinar del arquitecto.

A orientação homossexual e as investigações acerca da existência de componentes biológicos e genéticos determinantes; The homosexual orientation and investigations about the existence of components biological and genetics determinants

The male and female homosexual orientation has substantial prevalence in humans and can be explained by determinants of various levels: biological, genetic, psychological, social and cultural. However, the biological and genetic evidence have been the main hypotheses tested in scientific research in the world. This article aims to review research studies about the existence of genetic and biological evidence that determine homosexual orientation. Was conducted a review of the literature, using the database MedLine/PubMed and Google scholar. The papers and books were searched in Portuguese and English, using the following keywords: sexual orientation, sexual behavior, homosexuality, developmental Biology and genetics. Was selected papers of the last 22 years. Were found five main theories about the biological components: (1) fraternal birth order, (2) brain androgenization and 2D:4D ratio; (3) brain activation by pheromones; and (4) epigenetic inheritance; and four theories about the genetic components: (1) genetic polymorphism; (2) pattern of X-linked inheritance; (3) monozygotic twins; and (4) sexual antagonistic selection. Concluded that there were many scientific evidence found over time to explain some of biological and genetic components of homosexuality, especially in males. However, today, there is no definitive explanation about what are the determinants of homosexual orientation components.