Capital Intelectual: sua divulgação no setor bancário em Portugal

The importance of intangible resources has increased dramatically in recent years comparing to tangible ones. The economy in which we live is the result of competitive pressures that have imposed the implementation of business at an international level as well as a requirement in the application of sophisticated technologies that allow us to follow this fast evolution. In this age of information and innovation organizations will only survive if they are inserted in a global network of strategic relations, generically called as the network economy by Lev (2003). The service sector has stood out against the more traditional sectors of the economy. The intensive use of knowledge and a strong customer orientation created a new reality in today’s organizations: a growing importance attached to innovation, to the quality of products and services offered, to the information and communication technologies adopted, and to the creativity and particular abilities of human resources. The concept of intangible assets is more common in an accounting language and intellectual capital is most often applied in the context of management, being associated with a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach, representing all the knowledge that the institution owns and that it applies in the form of expertise, the creativity and organizational competencies that lead to innovation and to the sustained attainment of future economic benefits. An analysis of the scope of intellectual capital is fundamental to take more appropriate management decisions so that a more appropriate accounting treatment could be given by the accounting standardization organizations. This study intends to analyse the practices of information disclosure of the intellectual capital in the banking sector in Portugal, complementing the analysis of the disclosure of intangible assets in the context of accounting standards with the disclosure of intellectual capital in the context of organizational management. In particular, our main aims are to identify the extent of disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal and also to identify the factors that determine such a disclosure. The disclosure in the context of accounting standards will be studied by checking the disclosure of intangible assets through the items listed in the International Accounting Standard 38 developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The context of management was analysed by means of creating a voluntary disclosure index based on assumptions of the model Intellectus, developed by the Centro de Investigación sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento – Instituto de Administración de Empresas (CIC-IADE) of the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, and of the model Intellectual Capital Statement (made in Europe) (InCaS), both promoted by the European Commission and that we have adapted to the banking sector. When analysing the disclosure of intangible assets based on the context of accounting standards and the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, this study has tried to raise awareness about the importance of issuing reports on the intellectual capital as an alternative tool to take management decisions in the existing organizations and reflects the transparency and legitimacy that these institutions seek through a more extensive and more detailed information disclosure of their intellectual capital. Based on a complimentarily of economic theories, together with social and political theories, we tried to check the extent, evolution and tendencies of the compulsory disclosure of intangible assets and of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital analysed in the period 2001-2011. Banks characteristics were also analysed in order to deduce those factors that determine or promote a larger disclosure in this sector. Based on these objectives, we adopted a longitudinal approach to explore the extent and the development of the disclosure of intangible assets as well as the factors that have determined it. Furthermore, we sought to assess the impact of the adoption of IAS 38 in the financial statements of the organizations in this sector. The disclosure index created on the basis of the disclosure requirements stated in IAS 38 from IASB was applied to the consolidated financial statements of the seventeen banks that rendered their statements in Portugal from 2001 to 2009. Since the information disclosed in the context of accounting standards may not have an important role as a management tool once it was not able to reflect what really contributes to the competitiveness and organizational growth, the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital was analysed according to the information obtained from the 2010 annual individual reports of the banks operating in Portugal in that year and from their respective websites in 2011. We tried to analyse the extent of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital and of each of its components, human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The comparative analysis of their annual reports and their web pages allowed us to assess the incidence of the disclosure and discover what channel the banking sector focuses on when disclosing their intellectual capital. Also in this analysis the study of the disclosure determinants has allowed us to conclude about the influence of particular characteristics in the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. The results of the analysis to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements of the banking groups in Portugal in the period 2001-2009 have shown an average information disclosure of 0.24. This information disclosure evolved from an average value of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in 2009. The average value is 0.8286 if it is only considered the disclosure of the intangible assets that the banks possessed. The evolution of this index means an increase in the average disclosure from 0.7852 in 2001 to 0.8788 in 2009. From the first results that are related to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the financial statements, we can verify that the banking groups present a low disclosure level of these resources. However, when considering the disclosure of only the intangible assets that each institution owns, the disclosure level appears to be in compliance with the disclosure requirements for this sector. An evolution in the disclosure of intangible assets for the period considered was confirmed, showing an increase in the information disclosure of intangible assets in 2005, the year in which the accounting rules for intangible assets changed. The analysis that focused on the disclosure in the context of management tried to understand the extent, the incidence and the determinants of the voluntary information disclosure of intellectual capital in the annual reports of 2010 and on their web pages in 2011, studying the 32 banks operating in Portugal in this period. The average voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in the 2010 annual reports is 0.4342 while that in web pages is 0.2907. A review of the components of the intellectual capital allowed us to assess the importance that the banks confer to each of these components. The data obtained show that the relational capital, and more specifically the business capital, is the most disclosed component by banks in Portugal both in the annual reports and in their institutional web pages, followed by the structural capital and, finally, by the human capital. The disclosure of the human capital and the structural capital is higher in the annual reports than that in the websites, while the relational capital is more disclosed in the websites than in the annual reports. The results have also shown that the banks make a complementary use of both sources when disclosing information about their structural capital and relational capital but they do not show any information about their human capital in their websites. We tried to prove the influence of factors that could determine the accounting disclosure and the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in this sector. The change in the IASB accounting rules as from January 1st 2005 gave a greater disclosure of accounting information of intangible assets in the financial statements of banks. The bank size and corporate governance measures have statistically proved to have an influence on the extent of the accounting disclosure of intangible assets and on the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. Economic and financial variables such as profitability, operating efficiency or solvency were not determinants of information disclosure. The instability that the banking sector has experienced in economic and financial indicators in recent years as a result of the global financial markets imbalance has worsen indicators such as profitability, efficiency and solvency and caused major discrepancies in the economic situation between banks in Portugal. This empirical analysis has contributed to confront the disclosure required by accounting rules performed in the financial statements of organizations with that performed in the main disclosure media which is available for entities and which is increasingly requested in the process of taking management decisions. It also allowed us to verify whether there is homogeneity between institutions in the fulfilment of the requirements for information disclosure of intangible assets. However, as for voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, there are large disparities in the disclosure extent between organizations. Regardless of this sector specific characteristics, the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal follows the trends in other sectors and the practices adopted in other countries, namely regarding the amount of information disclosed, the incidence of the disclosure on the indicators of relational capital and the importance of variables such as size as determinants of disclosure of intellectual capital. For a further knowledge in this field, we created a specific index for the banking sector, considering appropriate indicators for an incisive, comprehensive analysis in order to consider the most relevant indicators of intellectual capital components. Besides, confronting the analysis of disclosure in the context of accounting standards with the study of voluntary disclosure brought a new analysis approach to the research on intellectual capital disclosure. With this study, we have also intended to raise greater awareness of the need for harmonization in the intellectual capital disclosure on the part of the regulatory banking authority by means of a demanding, consistent and transparent report of intellectual capital with simple, clear, objective indicators so that those interested in disclosing intellectual capital information in the organizations in this sector may obtain more harmonized and comparable information. A research on the disclosure quality of intellectual capital, together with the application of other analysis methodologies in this sector, might be a promising approach for future research. Applying the voluntary disclosure index to the same sector in other countries may also contribute to the knowledge of disclosure practices in different geographical environments. We highlight the relevance of further studies contributing to the harmonization and consistency in the presentation of an intellectual capital report so as to enable organizations to disclose the resources that contribute most to their competitiveness and growth.

Divulgação de informação sobre os ativos intangíveis: evidência empírica nos bancos em Portugal no período 2001-2009.

The main objectives of this investigation is to analyze the disclosure of information about intangible assets during a period of nine years, namely the extension or level, as well as their evolution and possible alterations verified upon them, that derived from the adoption in 2005, of the international norm in order to elaborate the consolidated accounts of banks. Through the verification of the disclosure of intangible assets. Taking into account items from International Accounting Standard (IAS) 38 from the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the consolidated financial statements from seventeen banks, presenting consolidated accounts in Portugal uninterruptable between 2001 and 2009 were analyzed. The results obtained through the construction of an index, elaborated from this effected, reveled an average of disclosure of information on intangibles of 0.24 during the period. The level of general disclosure evolved from an average of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in the year 2009. The intangibles generated internally had an average of disclosure of 0.1592 and the intangibles acquired had an average value of 0.2927. A growth in the extension of disclosure of intangibles upon the consolidated financial statement of banks during period analyzed, being this growth more accentuated in 2005 and 2006, which correspond to the first years of adoption in Portugal of international norm endorsed by the European Union through the Regalement 1606/2002, of July 19, the designed IASB-UE norms.

O efeito da aplicação do SNC no Capital Próprio em empresas do Setor Agrícola

O processo de Harmonização Contabilística é um processo que surge em consequência do processo de Globalização da Economia. Com a evolução do comércio global, exige-se que a informação contabilística seja mais uniforme entre os diversos países/continentes, para que os utilizadores dessa informação possam tomar as melhores decisões. Em Portugal, o referido processo tem sido influenciado pela regulamentação produzida a nível europeu. Fruto desta influência, a partir de 01 de janeiro de 2005 as empresas cotadas em bolsa ficaram obrigadas a aplicar as International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) e as Standing Interpretations Committee/International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (SIC/IFRIC), de acordo com o Regulamento 1606/CE/2002. Em 2003, a CNC elaborou um projeto de linhas de orientação para um novo modelo de normalização contabilística, documento que serviria de base ao Projeto do novo Sistema de Normalização Contabilística (SNC), tendo o novo SNC entrado em vigor em 1 de janeiro de 2010. É, pois, dentro destas alterações introduzidas no normativo contabilístico nacional que se desenvolve este estudo, que tem como principal objetivo analisar e quantificar os impactos sobre o Capital Próprio, decorrentes da adoção do SNC em empresas do setor agrícola. Para o efeito utilizamos uma amostra de 6980 empresas do referido setor. Dos resultados obtidos concluímos que 4910 empresas, o que representa 70,34% do total, apresentaram alterações no Capital Próprio. A rubrica Reserva foi aquela que mais vezes sofreu variações, tendo sido alterada no Balanço de 4008 empresas. As alterações no Capital Próprio têm impacto nos rácios de Solvabilidade Financeira e Autonomia Financeira. Uma análise desses indicadores permitiu-nos concluir que, em termos de Solvabilidade Financeira, 6,32 % das empresas (441) pioraram a sua situação, 81,15 % (5664) mantiveram-na inalterada e 6,72 % (469) melhoraram a sua Solvabilidade Financeira. Relativamente à Autonomia Financeira as variações foram menos significativas, pois 99,07 % (6915 empresas) mantiveram inalterado o seu desempenho, 0,11 % (8 empresas) pioraram a sua situação relativamente ao presente indicador e 0,19 % (13 empresas) melhoraram. No entanto, estes indicadores de equilíbrio financeiro devem ser analisados num contexto de transição, uma vez que não se verificou um real aumento ou diminuição da estrutura de Capitais Próprios destas empresas, mas apenas uma nova reconfiguração contabilística.

The internationally standardized process of public accounting: the perspective of different stakeholders in Portugal

New Public Management (NPM) led to great pressures for to introduce and adapt businesslike accounting in the public sector (Hood, 1995; Lapsley, 2008; Lapsley et al., 2009), specially the transition from cash basis to accrual-based accounting. In consequence, since the last 20 years we assist to a movement towards internationally standardized of public sector accounting that led to the publication of 32 International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) for all public sector entities from national central governments to local governments (IFAC, 2008). These standards are accrual-basis and they emphasize the balance sheet approach, the fair value measurement and the revenue-expense approach (Hints, 2007). The main innovations are associated with the use of the balance sheet approach and the fair value measurement because, traditionally, public accounting systems are mainly focused on the revenue-expense approach and on historical cost valuation (Oulasvirta, 2014).

Contabilidade de instrumentos derivados: estudo da informação divulgada pelas empresas portuguesas

This thesis is dedicated to the study of disclosure about derivative instruments and their determinants, by Portuguese companies. We have defined the following as our main research objectives: to identify the extent of disclosure relating to derivative instruments presented by Portuguese companies; to analyze the developments in the level of disclosure; and to identify the determinants of the level of disclosure. To this end, we have examined the information that has been disclosed by listed companies, for the period 2003–2009, and by companies belonging to the banking sector and insurance sector (hereinafter identified as financial firms), for 2009. We were able to conclude, in our first phase of research, that the number of disclosing firms has evolved positively, during the period 2003–2009, and that the level of disclosure has also evolved positively. On the other hand, the values obtained in the disclosure index indicate that companies are worried about compliance with accounting standards which became mandatory in 2005 and in 2007. This indicates that the adoption of the IASB’s standards since 2005 and the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. 7, since 2007, have influenced the level of disclosure.

OS ATIVOS FIXOS TANGÍVEIS: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DOS NORMATIVOS CONTABILÍSTICOS PÚBLICOS E PRIVADOS

Objetivo: Em virtude da necessidade de comparabilidade da informação financeira das entidades públicas dos diferentes países Europeus e, consequentemente, da necessidade de adoção das International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), foi necessário proceder a uma reforma dos sistemas de Contabilidade Pública dos diferentes Estados membros da União Europeia. Desta reforma resultou a aprovação, do Sistema de Normalização Contabilística para as Administrações Públicas (SNC-AP), através do Decreto-lei nº 192/2015, de 11/9, que traz várias mudanças, nomeadamente quanto à contabilização dos ativos fixos tangíveis (AFT). Atendendo a este contexto, este trabalho tem por objetivos efetuar um estudo comparativo do definido nos normativos contabilísticos públicos (nomeadamente no Plano Oficial de Contabilidade das Autarquias Locais – POCAL e no SNC-AP) e privados (Sistema de Normalização Contabilística – SNC), quanto às principais particularidades da contabilização dos AFT, nomeadamente o seu reconhecimento e a sua mensuração. Metodologia: Na elaboração deste trabalho foi adotada uma metodologia qualitativa baseada num estudo comparativo dos normativos contabilísticos públicos (POCAL e SNC-AP) e privados (SNC), quanto ao reconhecimento e mensuração dos AFT. Originalidade: Consideramos que este trabalho é um tema original e atual, que tem por base um diploma recente (SNC-AP), cuja obrigatoriedade de aplicação apenas se estabelece para o ano de 2017, e que, por essa razão, ainda não foi muito abordado no âmbito da investigação científica. Por outro lado, este trabalho poderá contribuir para um estudo comparativo das diferentes normas, existentes em Portugal, no âmbito público e privado. Resultados: Este estudo permite concluir que o novo normativo (SNC-AP) evidencia um avanço face ao POCAL, definindo não só o conceito de ativo e de AFT, como também os critérios de reconhecimento que um elemento deve cumprir para que possa ser reconhecido como tal, permitindo assim uma maior consistência no reconhecimento destes elementos, por parte das diferentes entidades públicas. Portanto, no que respeita ao reconhecimento dos ativos o SNC-AP aproxima-se do SNC, com algumas particularidades específicas do âmbito público, como o facto de um elemento poder ser reconhecido como ativo mesmo que não produza rendimentos, desde que possua potencial de serviço. Por outro lado, relativamente à mensuração, o SNC-AP segue de perto, com as devidas adaptações, os normativos internacionais e também o SNC, introduzindo, comparativamente ao definido no POCAL, dois momentos de mensuração dos AFT, e referindo o justo valor explicitamente enquanto critério de mensuração aplicável a situações concretas, e já não apenas o tradicional custo histórico. Limitações: A atualidade do tema deste trabalho trouxe algumas limitações no que respeita à revisão de literatura de trabalhos de cariz científico, que são ainda escassos. Por outro lado, o facto do SNC-AP apenas ser de aplicação obrigatória no ano de 2017, e atualmente apenas estar a ser aplicado por algumas entidades piloto, não nos permitiu efetuar um estudo das consequências que, na prática, a adoção deste novo normativo terá, no que respeita ao reconhecimento e mensuração dos AFT.

Divulgação de informação sobre Activos Intangíveis, Concentrações de Actividades Empresariais e Goodwill: evidência empírica nas empresas cotadas na Bolsa de Valores Portuguesa.

This paper analyzes the level of disclosure of Intangible Assets, Business Combinations and Goodwill in the consolidated financial statements and its explanatory factors. We have analyzed the annual reports of companies listed on Euronext Lisbon for the year 2010 and have created a Disclosure Index which allows to measure the level of disclosure for each company in this area, based on the existing accounting standards. In order to identify the association between the level of disclosure and its determinants, we have tested several hypotheses which explain the degree of disclosure. The results evidences, company’s size, industry, leverage and audit firms belonging to Big 4as explanatory factors. Only the size presentsa positive association with disclosure index, confirming the hypothesis which establishes that the level of disclosure about Intangible Assets, Business Combinations and Goodwill is greater in larger companies. The remaining explanatory variables presenta negative association with disclosure level.

Activos Intangíveis: o grau de adaptação das Empresas Portuguesas cotadas na Euronext relativamente à IAS 38

A IAS 38 (International Accounting Standard 38), emitida em 1998, e revista em Março de 2004, visa a harmonização no tratamento dos intangíveis de modo a tornar mais claro e uniforme o entendimento sobre estes activos fixos. O estudo e análise dos activos fixos intangíveis tem suscitado o interesse da comunidade académica em geral, devido à problemática do seu reconhecimento, avaliação e divulgação nas demonstrações financeiras. Apesar da importância da IAS 38, várias críticas são colocadas ao seu conteúdo, nomeadamente ao carácter conservador da norma no reconhecimento dos elementos intangíveis como activos. No estudo realizado verificamos que as empresas portuguesas cotadas na Euronext, em 2003, apresentam um reduzido grau de adaptação dos conteúdos da IAS 38, significando uma diminuta sensibilidade ao fenómeno da internacionalização das normas contabilísticas. As empresas de serviços, nomeadamente as do sector financeiro e das telecomunicações são as que apresentam maiores índices de divulgação pelo facto de efectuaram maiores investimentos em tecnologias, novos sistemas de informação e processos de gestão. Os resultados obtidos podem justificar-se por dois factores: o carácter não obrigatório da norma no momento da realização do trabalho (uma vez que esta entrou em vigor desde Janeiro de 2005); o carácter restritivo da norma no reconhecimento dos activos fixos intangíveis.

The international harmonization process of public accounting in Portugal: the perspective of different stakeholders

This paper investigates the reform of public accounting in Portugal through the IPSAS adoption highlighting the perception of different stakeholders. Two competing theories (NPM and the institutional theory) are used to understand public accounting changes within the Portuguese context. In general, different stakeholders agree with the favorable moment and the context of the reform. The context of financial crises and the great external pressures to cut public deficits and to improve the quality of financial information seem to be the most important factors to stimulate changes in public accounting. In addition, stakeholders recommend the use of different strategies to ensure success.

Determinants of environmental accounting and reporting practices in portuguese local entities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop environmental accounting and reporting practices (EARPs) by Portuguese local entities and their determining factors. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained through a postal survey. In order to measure the degree of development of environmental accounting and reporting practices index was developed, which reflects the extent to which a set of eight EARPs have been implemented by the 69 Portuguese local entities included in the sample. Three variables are considered in this study as possible factors that drive the development of environmental management practices (EMPs) by local entities, namely, size of entity, accounting framework, degree of development of EMPs. Findings – Results indicate the degree of development of EARPs in Portuguese local entities is low. Additionally, accounting regulation and the degree of development of EMPs are explaining factors of the degree of development of environmental accounting practices in Portuguese local entities. Originality/value – This study adds to the international research on environmental accounting in public sector by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively limited.