Gender, wages, and productivity: an analysis of the tourism industry in northern Portugal

Tourism represents a major economic activity in Portugal, with an enormous wealth and employment growth potential. A significant proportion of jobs in the industry tourism are occupied by women, given that this industry is characterized by a relatively higher percentage of female employees. Despite the evidence of female progress with regard to their role in the Portuguese labor market, women continue to earn less than their male counterparts. This is clearly the case of the tourism industry, where statistics reveal a persistent gender wage gap. The objective of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of gender wage inequality in the tourism industry in northern Portugal. Relying on firm-level wage equations and production functions, gender wage and productivity differentials are estimated and then compared. The comparison of these differentials allows inferring whether observed wage disparities are attributable to relatively lower female productivity, or instead disparities are due to gender wage discrimination. This approach is applied to tourism industry data gathered in the matched employer-employee data set Quadros de Pessoal (Employee Records). The main findings indicate that female employees in the tourism industry in northern Portugal are less productive than their male colleagues and that gender differences in wages are fully explained by gender differences in productivity.

IMI: ELES COMEM TUDO E NÃO DEIXAM NADA

O IMI é aliás, em si mesmo, um imposto profundamente injusto. A sua aplicação constitui, em muitos casos, uma situação de Abuso do Direito, art. 334º do Código Civil. A sua concretização implica uma violação do fim económico e social da própria Justiça no Direito. O sistema fiscal não objectiva apenas as necessidades financeiras do Estado e doutras entidades públicas, mas também, e sobretudo uma repartição justa dos rendimentos e da riqueza: art. 103º da Constituição. É claro que, para isso, tem que existir também um controlo rigoroso e honesto da gestão e da distribuição constitucional dos dinheiros públicos. § IMI is indeed in itself a profoundly unfair tax. Its use is in many cases a right Abuse situation art. 334 of the Civil Code. Its implementation involves a violation of economic and social justice at the end of its law. The tax system does not seek only the financial needs of the state and of other public authorities, but also and especially a fair distribution of income and wealth: art. 103 of the Constitution. Of course, for this, it must also be a rigorous and honest control of the constitutional management and distribution of public funds.