Active Assistance for Senior Healthcare: A Wearable System for Fall Detection

Elders lose independence and wellbeing, accompanied by decreased functions in terms of hearing, vision, strength and coordination abilities. These factors contribute to balance difficulties that eventually lead to falls. The injuries due to falls, at this age, are risky, since most of the times may cause a significant – and permanent – decrease of quality of life or, in extreme cases, death. In this context, a fall detection system can bring an added value to assist elderly people.This paper describes a system consisting of a wearable sensor unit, a smartphone and a website. When the sensor detects a fall it sends an alert using the smartphone via Bluetooth 4.0, to notify the family members or stakeholders. The sensor device includes an inertial unit, a barometer, and a temperature and humidity sensor. The website displays the log of previous falls and enables the configuration of emergency contact numbers. The proposed fall detection system is one of multiple components within a larger project under development that offers a holistic perspective on falls; the complete wearable solution will also feature, among others, physical protection (minimizing the impact of falls that occur).

MODELO PARA DEFINIÇÃO DOS REQUISITOS NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PRODUTOS WEARABLES DE PROTECÇÃO FÍSICA E ASSISTÊNCIA ACTIVA

Os requisitos do produto são as principais características do desenvolvimento do produto. O objectivo deste estudo foi definir um modelo prescritivo para definir os requisitos e necessidades no desenvolvimento de wearables de protecção física e assistência activa voltadas para os seniores em risco de cair. Foram analisados de métodos para a identificação de requisitos e necessidades dos quatro autores de referência (Bonsiepe, 1992;. Page et al 2001, Ulrich e Eppinger, 2000; Zenios et al., 2010)., A definição de categorias para identificar as diferentes etapas e tarefas em definição dos requisitos por parte dos autores, finalmente, um brainstorming por um grupo de especialistas em desenvolvimento de produtos e wearables, com cada especialista a organizar o informações de acordo com sua formação e experiência, permitindo a definição de um modelo prescritivo. Apresentamos um modelo prescritivo para definir os requisitos e necessidades no desenvolvimento de produtos de wearables focados na população sénior. O modelo é classificado pelo seu âmbito de aplicação, designação, requisitos de classificação, as categorias de necessidades, recolha de dados e aplicação do modelo. As alterações físicas e cognitivas inerentes ao envelhecimento pode também alterar a forma como os idosos interagem com os produtos portáteis e, portanto, novos tipos de requisitos devem ser observados em todos os momentos, na definição de requisitos de produto de protecção física e assistência activa focada neste tipo de população. Esses tipos podem ser: padrões de conforto e ergonomia, os requisitos de protecção, e requisitos de monitorização.

Physical consequences of falls in the elderly: a literature review from 1995 to 2010

In the last decade, population ageing has been registered as a global phenomenon. A relation exists between falling and ageing, since falling frequency increases significantly with age. In fact, one in three older adult falls annually. Although ageing is generically associated with decrease and degeneration of psychological and physical functions, it is still not common for the correct identification of risk factors to lead to a clinical prognosis of the elder being in risk of falling. Therefore, the goal of this review article is to identify, categorise and analyse typical ageing and fall factors mentioned in the literature as well as to quantify the number of times they were referenced. The research considered hundreds of publications, but analysis was then restricted to the 87 most pertinent articles written in English and published in journals or scientific magazines between 1995 and 2010. We concluded that falls among older adults can be characterised by the following: anatomic characteristics and physiological consequences of ageing; the pathologies that induce falls, which can be neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other diseases; causes and risk factors of falls that can be behavioural, biological, environmental or socio-economic; type of physical consequences of falls, including fractures, bruises, injuries or other physical consequences; and strategies to prevent, mitigate or rehabilitate, which can be of a physical, environmental or behavioural nature.

Physical consequences of falls in the elderly: a literature review from 1995 to 2010

In the last decade, population ageing has been registered as a global phenomenon. A relation exists between falling and ageing, since falling frequency increases significantly with age. In fact, one in three older adult falls annually. Although ageing is generically associated with decrease and degeneration of psychological and physical functions, it is still not common for the correct identification of risk factors to lead to a clinical prognosis of the elder being in risk of falling. Therefore, the goal of this review article is to identify, categorise and analyse typical ageing and fall factors mentioned in the literature as well as to quantify the number of times they were referenced. The research considered hundreds of publications, but analysis was then restricted to the 87 most pertinent articles written in English and published in journals or scientific magazines between 1995 and 2010. We concluded that falls among older adults can be characterised by the following: anatomic characteristics and physiological consequences of ageing; the pathologies that induce falls, which can be neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other diseases; causes and risk factors of falls that can be behavioural, biological, environmental or socio-economic; type of physical consequences of falls, including fractures, bruises, injuries or other physical consequences; and strategies to prevent, mitigate or rehabilitate, which can be of a physical, environmental or behavioural nature.