Contribution towards a reflection about methodological strategies in design education and the function of drawing in design

This work presents a reflection on Design education and specifically on the role of Drawing in this area. As a subject, Design has expanded its field of action expanding into new areas such as Experience Design or Service Design. It became necessary for the designer to have more than an education based on technological knowledge or know-how. Many authors like Meredith Davis, Don Norman or Jamie Hobson point out the urgency to review the curricula of Design courses because nowadays “… design is more than appearance, design is about interaction, about strategy and about services. Designers change social behavior” (Norman 2011). When shifting from a product-centered design to a person-centered design (in a structure, a service or in a relationship) what should the function of drawing in a design course be? What should its curriculum be? Our work methodology will be to confront today’s perspectives on design theory and practice in an attempt to add to the discussion on the methodological strategies in design teaching in the contemporary context.

Contribution towards a reflection about methodological strategies in Design Education and the function of Drawing in Design

This work presents a reflection on Design education and specifically on the role of Drawing in this area. As a subject, Design has expanded its field of action expanding into new areas such as Experience Design or Service Design. It became necessary for the designer to have more than an education based on technological knowledge or know-how. Many authors like Meredith Davis, Don Norman or Jamie Hobson point out the urgency to review the curricula of Design courses because nowadays “ … design is more than appearance, design is about interaction, about strategy and about services. Designers change social behavior” (Norman, 2011) When shifting from a product-centered design to a person-centered design (in a structure, a service or in a relationship) what should the function of drawing in a design course be? What should its curriculum be? Our work methodology will be to confront today’s perspectives on design theory and practice in an attempt to add to the discussion on the methodological strategies in design teaching in the contemporary context.

Conception of a flexible integrator and lean model for integrated management systems

Management systems standards (MSSs) have developed in an unprecedented manner in the last few years. These MSS cover a wide array of different disciplines, aims and activities of organisations. Also, organisations are populated with an enormous diversity of independent management systems (MSs). An integrated management system (IMS) tends to integrate some or all components of the business. Maximising their integration in one coherent and efficient MS is increasingly a strategic priority and constitutes an opportunity for businesses to be more competitive and consequently, promote its sustainable success. Those organisations that are quicker and more efficient in their integration and continuous improvement will have a competitive advantage in obtaining sustainable value in our global and competitive business world. Several scholars have proposed various theoretical approaches regarding the integration of management sub-systems, leading to the conclusion that there is no common practice for all organisations as they encompass different characteristics. One other author shows that several tangible and intangible gains for organisations, as well as to their internal and external stakeholders, are achieved with the integration of the individual standardised MSs. The purpose of this work was to conceive a model, Flexible, Integrator and Lean for IMSs, according to ISO 9001 for quality; ISO 14001 for environment and OHSAS 18001 for occupational health and safety (IMS–QES), that can be adapted and progressively assimilate other MSs, such as, SA 8000/ISO 26000 for social accountability, ISO 31000 for risk management and ISO/IEC 27001 for information security management, among others. The IMS–QES model was designed in the real environment of an industrial Portuguese small and medium enterprise, that over the years has been adopting, gradually, in whole or in part, individual MSSs. The developed model is based on a preliminary investigation conducted through a questionnaire. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. Among the main findings of the survey we highlight: the creation of added value for the business through the elimination of several organisational wastes; the integrated management of the sustainability components; the elimination of conflicts between independent MS; dialogue with the main stakeholders and commitment to their ongoing satisfaction and increased contribution to the company’s competitiveness; and greater valorisation and motivation of employees as a result of the expansion of their skill base, actions and responsibilities, with their consequent empowerment. A set of key performance indicators (KPIs) constitute the support, in a perspective of business excellence, to the follow up of the organisation’s progress towards the vision and achievement of the defined objectives in the context of each component of the IMS model. The conceived model had many phases and the one presented in this work is the last required for the integration of quality, environment, safety and others individual standardised MSs. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritised the conception of an IMS–QES model, to be implemented at the company where the investigation was conducted, but also a generic model of an IMS, which may be more flexible, integrator and lean as possible, potentiating the efficiency, added value both in the present and, fundamentally, for future.

Contributo para uma reflexão sobre estratégias metodológicas no ensino do Design e a função do Desenho em Design

Neste trabalho apresentaremos uma reflexão sobre o ensino do Design e, especificamente, sobre a função do Desenho nessa área disciplinar. O Design, enquanto disciplina, alargou a sua área de actuação diversificando-se em novos campos como o Design de Experiência ou o Design de Serviço, não bastando ao designer uma formação ligada ao conhecimento tecnológico, ou ao “saber-fazer”. Diversos autores, como Meredith Davis, Don Norman ou Jamie Hobson, alertam para a urgência de uma reflexão aprofundada sobre as estruturas curriculares dos cursos de Design, já que na actualidade “(…) design is more than appearance, design is about interaction, about strategy and about services. Designers change social behavior” (Norman, 2011). Na passagem de um design centrado na forma, para um design centrado na pessoa (numa estrutura, num serviço, ou numa relação) qual deverá ser a função do desenho num curso de design? Qual deverá ser a sua estrutura programática? Como metodologia de trabalho iremos confrontar perspectivas actuais da teoria e da prática do design que equacionam esta problemática procurando, deste modo, contribuir para a reflexão de estratégias metodológicas no ensino do design no contexto contemporâneo.

Reflexão sobre estratégias metodológicas no ensino do design e a função do desenho em design

Neste trabalho apresentaremos uma reflexão sobre o ensino do Design e, especificamente, sobre a função do Desenho nessa área disciplinar. O Design, enquanto disciplina, alargou a sua área de actuação diversificando-se em novos campos como o Design de Experiência ou o Design de Serviço, não bastando ao designer uma formação ligada ao conhecimento tecnológico, ou ao “saber-fazer”. Diversos autores, como Meredith Davis, Don Norman ou Jamie Hobson, alertam para a urgência de uma reflexão aprofundada sobre as estruturas curriculares dos cursos de Design, já que na actualidade “(…) design is more than appearance, design is about interaction, about strategy and about services. Designers change social behavior” (Norman, 2011). Na passagem de um design centrado na forma, para um design centrado na pessoa (numa estrutura, num serviço, ou numa relação) qual deverá ser a função do desenho num curso de design? Qual deverá ser a sua estrutura programática? Como metodologia de trabalho iremos confrontar perspectivas actuais da teoria e da prática do design que equacionam esta problemática procurando, deste modo, contribuir para a reflexão de estratégias metodológicas no ensino do design no contexto contemporâneo.

Reflexão sobre Estratégias Metodológicas no Ensino do Design e a Função do Desenho em Design

Somos habitantes de um mundo que sofre constantes transformações estruturais em qualquer área. As tecnologias, a globalização e a política dos mercados, deslocam tudo e todos da sua zona de conforto, exigindo constantes adaptações a novos vocabulários e hábitos para os quais não temos antecedentes. Novas competências devem ser adquiridas face às novas exigências, e no ensino, base de uma preparação (pessoal e profissional), impõe-se uma constante revisão de estratégias metodológicas de aquisição e partilha de conhecimento. Neste trabalho apresentaremos uma reflexão sobre o ensino do Design e, especificamente, sobre a função do Desenho nessa área disciplinar. O Design, enquanto disciplina, alargou a sua área de actuação diversificando-se em novos campos como o Design de Experiência ou o Design de Serviço, não bastando ao designer uma formação ligada ao conhecimento tecnológico, ou ao “saber-fazer”. Diversos autores, como Meredith Davis, Don Norman ou Jamie Hobson, alertam para a urgência de uma reflexão aprofundada sobre as estruturas curriculares dos cursos de Design, já que na actualidade “(…) design is more than appearance, design is about interaction, about strategy and about services. Designers change social behavior.” Na passagem de um design centrado na forma, para um design centrado na pessoa (numa estrutura, num serviço, ou numa relação) qual deverá ser a função do desenho num curso de design? Qual deverá ser a sua estrutura programática? Como metodologia de trabalho iremos confrontar perspectivas actuais da teoria e da prática do design que equacionam esta problemática procurando, deste modo, contribuir para a reflexão de estratégias metodológicas no ensino do design no contexto contemporâneo.

Determining factors of environmental management practices in portuguese local entities

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of environmental management practices by Portuguese local entities and their determining factors. Design/methodology/approach: The data were collected by sending a postal questionnaire. In order to measure the degree of development of environmental management practices an index of environmental management practices (EMPI) was developed, which reflects the extent to which a set of 16 environmental management practices have been implemented by the entities included in the sample. Four variables are considered in this study as possible factors that drive the development of environmental management practices by local entities, namely type of entity, size, proactive environmental strategy and Local Agenda 21 Findings: Results indicate the degree of development of environmental management practices in Portuguese local entities is low. Additionally, entity size, the adoption of proactive environmental strategies and the implementation of Local Agenda 21 are explaining factors of the degree of development of such practices. Originality/value: This study adds to the international research on environmental management in public sector by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively limited.

Determining factors of environmental management practices in portuguese local entities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the development of environmental management practices by Portuguese local entities and their determining factors. Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected by sending a postal questionnaire. In order to measure the degree of development of environmental management practices, an index of environmental management practices (EMPI) was developed, which reflects the extent to which a set of 16 environmental management practices have been implemented by the entities included in the sample. In total, four variables are considered in this study as possible factors that drive the development of environmental management practices by local entities: type of entity; size; proactive environmental strategy; and Local Agenda 21. Findings – Results indicate the degree of development of environmental management practices in Portuguese local entities is low. Additionally, entity size, the adoption of proactive environmental strategies and the implementation of Local Agenda 21 are explaining factors of the degree of development of such practices. Originality/value – The paper adds to the international research on environmental management in the public sector by providing empirical data from a country, Portugal, where empirical evidence is still relatively limited.

Integration of Individualized Management Systems (MSs) as an Aggregating Factor of Sustainable Value for Organizations: An Overview Through a Review of the Literature

Nowadays, there exist various standards for individual management systems (MSs), at least, one for each stakeholder. New ones will be published. An integrated management system (IMS) aims to integrate some or all components of the business into one coherent and efficient MS. Maximizing integration is more and more a strategic priority in that it constitutes an opportunity to eliminate and/or reduce potential factors of destruction of value for the organizations and also to be more competitive and consequently promote its sustainable success. A preliminary investigation was conducted on a Portuguese industrial company which, over the years, has been adopting gradually, in whole or in part, individualized management system standards (MSSs). A research, through a questionnaire, was performed with the objective to develop, in a real business environment, an adequate and efficient IMS-QES (quality, environment, and safety) model and to potentiate for the future a generic IMS model to integrate other MSSs. The strategy and research methods have taken into consideration the case study. It was obtained a set of relevant conclusions resulting from the statistical analyses of the responses to the survey. Globally, the investigation results, by themselves, justified and prioritized the conception of a model of development of the IMS-QES and consequent definition and validation of a structure of an IMS-QES model, to be implemented at the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) where the investigation was conducted.