A «corrupção e a fraude» no espaço comunicacional português e europeu: contributo para uma visão interdisciplinar constitucional criminológica e jurídico-penal

As formas de definir «corrupção e fraude» são infinitas, pelo que a aplicação do Direito penal constitucional pode ficar prejudicada. A comunicação e o comentário público e política são por vezes feitos em termos profundamente equivocados. Recentemente, em Portugal, destacados políticos e comentadores chegaram a apelar à «criminalização do enriquecimento ilícito», nem que fosse com o sacrifício da própria Constituição ou do Estado de Direito. É a democracia que passa a estar em perigo. Ao mesmo tempo que se defende com fanatismo quase teológico o sistema económico capitalista, procura-se consagrar na lei a sua destruição. Ou seja, há uma certa demagogia política que quer ter tudo ao mesmo tempo como se isso fosse possível. Perante isto, resta ao cidadão comum agir se for necessário sob as possibilidades das causas de justificação e fazendo uso do direito constitucional de resistência. ABSTRACT Ways to define «corruption and fraud» are endless, so the application of constitutional criminal law may be impaired. The communication and public comment and politics are sometimes done in terms profoundly mistaken. Recently, in Portugal, prominent politicians and commentators have come to call the «criminalization of illicit enrichment» (embezzlement) even if it was at the sacrifice of the Constitution or the rule of law. It is democracy that happens to be in danger. At the same time it defends itself with almost theological fanaticism the capitalist economic system, seeking to enshrine in law its destruction. That is, there is a certain political demagoguery that wants to have everything at the same time as if that were possible. Given this, it remains to ordinary act if necessary under the scope of defenses and making use of the constitutional right of resistance.

A Comunicação Não-Verbal: especial relevância à função espaço-território da (comunicação) proxémica"

Aristotle said "Man is a social animal," that does not know how to live isolated and need interaction with their peers. Over several millenniums the man was found many ways to communicate – from smoke signals to sign language or even writing – and this need not slowed down over the years, instead of this, became increasingly glaring. Communication has become increasingly imperative in our lives. But the communication has long ceased to be seen merely as a transmission of words. Nowadays, in the today's society, the man relates to others through two levels: verbal and non-verbal. These two dimensions of communication arise often together, completing or in opposition to, even if the human being does not realize it. Proxemics, as one of the areas covered in Non-Verbal Communication is responsible for studying the distances and proximities that are between people and spaces and how each of us do to protect and defend their personal territory. Will be the Gender, Age, Profession or the Barriers to Communication able to significantly influence the proxemic? The present study will answer to these questions.