Residents’ perceptions on impacts of hosting the “Guimarães 2012 European Capital of Culture”: comparisons of the pre-and post-2012 ECOC

Residents tend to have high expectations about the benefits of hosting a mega‐event. So, it was not surprising that the nomination of Guimarães, Portugal, as the 2012 European Capital of Culture (2012 ECOC) had raised great expectations in the local community towards its socio‐economic and cultural benefits. The present research was designed to examine the Guimarães residents’ perceptions on the impacts of hosting the 2012 ECOC approached in two different time schedules, the pre‐ and the post‐event, trying to capture the evolution of the residents` evaluation of its impacts. For getting the data, two surveys were applied to Guimarães` residents, one in the pre‐event phase, in 2011, and another in the post‐event phase, in 2013. This approach is uncommonly applied to Portugal data and it is even the first time it was done to a Portuguese European Capital of Culture. After a factor analysis, the results of t‐tests indicate that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the samples from the pre‐ and post‐2012 ECOC on two positive impact factors (Community’ benefits and Residents’ benefits) and one negative impact factor (Economic, social and environmental costs). Respondents also showed a negative perception of the impacts in all dimensions, except Changes in habits of Guimarães residents.

Ex-ante evaluation by the media of the Guimarães 2012 European Capital of Culture

The nomination of Guimarães to host the 2012 European Capital of Culture (ECC) has put on the agenda of the city the need of measuring the effects that the implementation of this mega event could have in it and in the municipality a whole. The balance of the benefits and costs and an extended community involvement tend to reduce negative impacts and enhance positive ones. This chapter analyzes the involvement of population and local associations in the planning and organization of the 2012 Guimarães European Capital of Culture, using the coverage made during 2011 by local and national press of the mega event. A content analysis of the news published covering the period between January and December 2011 and using three newspapers was conducted. From those, two were local and weekly newspapers and one was a national daily one. Looking to data results, it can be concluded that it was poor the community involvement and, also, the one of the cultural associations in the organizations of the 2012 ECC. A strong negative reaction to the model choose to plan the mega event conducted by official organizers was found, which has cast doubts on the desirable participation of the residents and, consequently, on the success of the mega event, especially in a perspective of a medium and long term effects.

Residents’ perceptions on impacts of hosting the “Guimarães 2012 European Capital of Culture”: comparisons of the pre-and post-2012 ECOC

The nomination of Guimarães, a small city located in the northwest of Portugal, as European capital of culture (ECOC) in 2012 raised great expectations in the local community towards its socio-economic and cultural benefits. As noted by various authors, namely Kim and Petrick (2005), Kim, Gursoy and Lee (2006) and Gursoy, Chi, Ai and Chen (2011), residents tend to have high expectations about the benefits of hosting a mega-event, although they tend to recognize that some costs will result from it. Therefore, the present research was designed to examine the Guimarães residents’ perceptions on the impacts of the 2012 European capital of culture (2012 ECOC) on the city and the municipality of Guimarães before and after the mega-event and the differences found between the two time periods.

Resident’s Perceptions on Impacts of Hosting the Guimaraes 2012 European Capital of Culture: Comparisons of the Pre- and Post Periods

Residents tend to have high expectations regarding the benefits of hosting a mega- event, in particular the creation of new infrastructure, growth in GDP and employ- ment, image enhancement and the spin-offs of attracting tourists and fostering sustainable growth of the cultural supply (Jeong and Faulkner 1996; Deccio and Baloglu 2002; Gursoy and Kendall 2006; Getz 2008; Langen and Garcia 2009; Ritchie et al. 2009; Gursoy et al. 2011; Palonen 2011). Nevertheless, they normally recognise that some costs will be incurred (Kim and Petrick 2005; Kim et al. 2006; Ritchie et al. 2009; Gursoy et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2013). So, it was not surprising that the nomination of Guimaraes, a small city in the northwest of Portugal, as one of the two European Capitals of Culture in 2012 (2012 ECOC), had raised great expectations in the local community vis- a-vis its socio-economic and cultural benefits. Our research was designed to examine the Guimar~aes residents’ perceptions of the impacts of hosting the 2012 ECOC, approached at two different times: before and after the event, to try and capture the evolution of the residents’ assessment of its impacts. From the empirical literature, we know that residents’ perceived impacts tend to change as time goes by (Kim et al. 2006; Ritchie et al. 2009; Gursoy et al. 2011; Lee et al. 2013). The data were gathered via two surveys applied to Guimaraes residents, one in 2011, before the event, and the other afterwards, in 2013. The Guimaraes residents’ assessment was thought to be essential to get an accurate appraisal of the impact of the mega-event as they were a main part of the hosting process. 2012 ECOC impacts were mainly felt by local people who, in most cases, will go on feeling them in the short and long term. The research was thought to be socially pertinent as the opinions collected through the surveys can help to prevent repeating mistakes when similar mega- events are organised in the future, and to increase the positive impacts derived from hosting them. When we talk about the social pertinence of the empirical results, we want to stress that the expertise acquired can be useful to any host city or country.

Animação Viral, Vanguarda Trash e o Capital Simbólico dos nossos Piores Defeitos: a Ideologia de Bruno Aleixo

"Bruno Aleixo" is a viral animation character, created by the Portuguese collective GANA, that surfaced online in 2008. Their animation works have meanwhile crossed onto the most diverse media, and have been branching out in multiple webs of narratives, constantly referring to each other, as well as constantly quoting disparate references such as film classics, chatrooms and TV ads for detergents. This paper attempts a triple analysis of this object of study: the ways in which technology has been fostering non-linear narratives while widening the available aesthetic spectrum, the ways in which processes of cultural consumerism are being reinvented in light of the web 2.0, and the use of "pseudo-nonsense" as a process of oblique cultural psychoanalysis. We will further attempt to demonstrate how new media and web networks have been contributing to a fragmentation of audiences, as well as a blurring between dominant cultures and sub-cultural phenomena; and we will end by positing that the structural principles behind the "Bruno Aleixo" series can be applied in social and cultural contexts situated at the opposite end of the spectrum of traditional expectations regarding Animation.

Evaluating the Guimarães 2012 European Capital of Culture (ECOC): a Tourist Perception Approach

Guimarães has hosted, during the year of 2012, one of the European Capital of Culture (ECOC). The evaluation of the event is needed as public, private and community funds are involved. The approach considers the tourists (domestic and international) as external and independent stakeholders who assessed the cultural activities developed during the event and the attributes of the city. The results of the survey show that hosting the 2012 ECOC was a major contribution for attracting new visitors to the city, although many of them just for a short period of time. The main source of general information collected by tourists was the Internet, and the traditional media. Only a small amount of respondents demonstrated a specialized knowledge of the cultural program. The most cited and appreciated performances came from the areas of music, exhibitions, and theatre. According to the perceptions of tourists, the tangible assets were clearly detached from the set of attributes of Guimarães, including buildings, churches and chapels, whereas intangible assets were less noted. Overall, Guimarães received a very positive evaluation related to city image and stay and is highly recommended by tourists to friends and relatives.

Potenciais impactos para Guimarães do acolhimento da Capital Europeia da Cultura 2012: uma análise baseada em experiências anteriores

A nomeação de Guimarães como Capital Europeia da Cultura (CEC), em 2012, suscitou grandes expectativas na comunidade local, nos territórios limítrofes e, de um modo geral, na população portuguesa. No entanto, muitos dos potenciais impactos são ainda pouco perceptíveis pela maior parte das pessoas, se bem que muitas delas antecipem que os impactos sejam positivos. A presente comunicação pretende aferir, de forma prospectiva, os possíveis impactos do acolhimento por Guimarães da CEC, em 2012. Por referência a experiências anteriores de organização de outras CEC, procura-se identificar alguns dos efeitos, em termos de atracção de turistas (nacionais e internacionais), das actividades culturais programadas, disponibilidades orçamentais e audiências, bem como aferir do potencial impacto económico e do legado do evento para o futuro da cidade. Com base na análise efectuada, pode concluir-se que Guimarães CEC 2012 oferece um potencial de atracção para o Norte do país e região da Galiza, possui um orçamento, por habitante, comparável a outras CEC e beneficia do empenhamento dos agentes locais. Menos positiva é a distância da cidade a dois dos principais destinos turísticos nacionais (Lisboa e Algarve), a extensão da programação cultural do evento, o fraco envolvimento dos agentes culturais locais no programa de actividades do evento e a inexistência de espaços museológicos de referência internacional. Em contrapartida, destaca-se a existência de ligações aéreas de baixo custo a várias cidades Europeias através do aeroporto do Porto, a possibilidade de reposicionar a imagem da cidade ao nível nacional e internacional, a disponibilização de fundos para a revitalização urbana do centro histórico e o aumento esperado do número de turistas (nacionais e estrangeiros). A recessão económica (nacional e Europeia), as dificuldades orçamentais, a pouca ambição da política de angariação de patrocínios e de recursos financeiros privados e a sustentabilidade do evento no futuro são algumas ameaças que poderão comprometer o sucesso de Guimarães CEC 2012.

Motivations to visit and image destination of Guimarães: differences between Portuguese and foreign tourists during 2012 Guimarães European Capital of Culture (ECOC)

Guimarães hosted the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) during the year of 2012. This study investigates the differences between Portuguese and foreign tourists regarding the main motivations to visit Guimarães and the retained perceived image of the destination. To achieve that purpose a survey was administered to 390 tourists that visited the city during the cultural event. The results show that tourists who visited Guimarães are relatively young, wealthy, employed and well educated. They are touring around the northern part of the country which includes an itinerary beginning in Porto, and extended to other important neighboring cities such as Braga or Viana do Castelo. The main motivations to visit the city, for both Portuguese and foreign tourists, are its historical heritage and the title of ECOC, the associated cultural events and celebrations that take place during 2012. However, these items were more valued by foreigners than Portuguese tourists. Using a factor analysis the tourists’ perceived attributes of Guimarães were described in four dimensions: “material heritage”, “intangible heritage”, “cultural performance”, and “sport and education”. Although foreigners and nationals perceived the tourism attributes of the city differently, the comparison of the mean scores of the four factors across Portuguese and foreigner tourists reveals that the most valued and least valued factors are common to both groups.

Potenciais Impactos para Guimarães do Acolhimento da Capital Europeia da Cultura 2012: uma análise baseada em experiências anteriores

A nomeação de Guimarães (cidade do Noroeste português) como Capital Europeia da Cultura (CEC), em 2012, suscitou grandes expectativas na comunidade local, nos territórios limítrofes e, de um modo geral, na população portuguesa. No entanto, muitos dos potenciais impactos são ainda pouco perceptíveis pela maior parte das pessoas, se bem que muitas delas antecipem que os impactos sejam positivos. A presente comunicação pretende aferir, de forma prospectiva, os possíveis impactos do acolhimento por Guimarães da CEC, em 2012. Por referência a experiências anteriores de organização de outras CEC, procura-se identificar alguns dos efeitos, em termos de atracção de turistas (nacionais e internacionais), das actividades culturais programadas, disponibilidades orçamentais e audiências, bem como aferir do potencial impacto económico e do legado do evento para o futuro da cidade. Com base na análise efectuada, pode concluir-se que Guimarães CEC 2012 oferece um potencial de atracção para o Norte do país e região da Galiza, possui um orçamento, por habitante, comparável a outras CEC e beneficia do empenhamento dos agentes locais. Menos positiva é a distância da cidade a dois dos principais destinos turísticos nacionais (Lisboa e Algarve), a extensão da programação cultural do evento, o fraco envolvimento dos agentes culturais locais no programa de actividades do evento e a inexistência de espaços museológicos de referência internacional. Em contrapartida, destaca-se a existência de ligações aéreas de baixo custo a várias cidades Europeias através do aeroporto do Porto, a possibilidade de reposicionar a imagem da cidade ao nível nacional e internacional, a disponibilização de fundos para a revitalização urbana do centro histórico e o aumento esperado do número de turistas (nacionais e estrangeiros). A recessão económica (nacional e Europeia), as dificuldades orçamentais, a pouca ambição da política de angariação de patrocínios e de recursos financeiros privados e a sustentabilidade do evento no futuro são algumas ameaças que poderão comprometer o sucesso de Guimarães CEC 2012.

Avaliação ex-ante, pelos media, de Guimarães 2012 capital europeia da Cultura

A nomeação de Guimarães como Capital Europeia da Cultura (CEC) em 2012 veio colocar na ordem do dia a necessidade de medir os efeitos que a concretização deste megaevento irá provocar na cidade e no município. A conveniente ponderação dos benefícios e dos custos e um alargado envolvimento da comunidade tendem a permitir encontrar formas de reduzir os impactos negativos e aumentar os impactos positivos. A presente comunicação analisa o envolvimento da população e das associações locais no planeamento e organização da Capital Europeia da Cultura 2012, aproximados pela via da cobertura feita pela imprensa local e nacional à preparação do megaevento. A análise de conteúdo das notícias publicadas abrangeu o período que medeia entre Janeiro e Dezembro de 2011 e respeitou a dois semanários locais e um diário nacional. Com base na análise efetuada, pode concluir-se que foi fraco o envolvimento da população e dos agentes culturais na organização da CEC 2012 e que existiu uma forte reação negativa ao modelo de planeamento do megaevento conduzido pela estrutura organizadora oficial, o que veio pôr em causa a desejável adesão dos vimaranenses ao mesmo e, por essa via, o respetivo sucesso, sobretudo numa perspetiva de efeitos a médio e longo prazo.

O olhar da população vimaranense através da imprensa local da Capital Europeia da Cultura

A nomeação de Guimarães como Capital Europeia da Cultura (CEC) em 2012, para além de suscitar o natural orgulho e reforçar a auto-estima dos residentes, veio colocar na ordem do dia a necessidade de medir os efeitos que a concretização deste mega-evento pode provocar na cidade e no resto do município. A discussão dos benefícios e dos custos e um alargado envolvimento da comunidade tende a permitir encontrar formas de reduzir os impactos negativos e aumentar os impactos positivos. Para isto, importa realizar debates e promover a participação e envolvimento da comunidade. Esta comunicação analisa o envolvimento da população e das associações locais na Capital Europeia da Cultura 2012 através da cobertura feita pela imprensa local à preparação do evento. A análise de conteúdo às notícias publicadas abrangeu o período que medeia entre Janeiro e Agosto de 2011 e respeitou a dois semanários locais. Com base na análise efectuada, pode concluir-se que tem existido uma forte reacção negativa por parte da população e das associações locais à entidade organizadora da CEC 2012, que colocam em questão o envolvimento e participação prevista dos vimaranenses no evento. Resta saber se a nova gestão, nomeada em Agosto de 2011, será capaz de recuperar o entusiasmo e apoio da população vimaranense ao projecto a tempo de se constituir como um factor de sucesso deste mega-evento.

Capital Intelectual: sua divulgação no setor bancário em Portugal

The importance of intangible resources has increased dramatically in recent years comparing to tangible ones. The economy in which we live is the result of competitive pressures that have imposed the implementation of business at an international level as well as a requirement in the application of sophisticated technologies that allow us to follow this fast evolution. In this age of information and innovation organizations will only survive if they are inserted in a global network of strategic relations, generically called as the network economy by Lev (2003). The service sector has stood out against the more traditional sectors of the economy. The intensive use of knowledge and a strong customer orientation created a new reality in today’s organizations: a growing importance attached to innovation, to the quality of products and services offered, to the information and communication technologies adopted, and to the creativity and particular abilities of human resources. The concept of intangible assets is more common in an accounting language and intellectual capital is most often applied in the context of management, being associated with a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach, representing all the knowledge that the institution owns and that it applies in the form of expertise, the creativity and organizational competencies that lead to innovation and to the sustained attainment of future economic benefits. An analysis of the scope of intellectual capital is fundamental to take more appropriate management decisions so that a more appropriate accounting treatment could be given by the accounting standardization organizations. This study intends to analyse the practices of information disclosure of the intellectual capital in the banking sector in Portugal, complementing the analysis of the disclosure of intangible assets in the context of accounting standards with the disclosure of intellectual capital in the context of organizational management. In particular, our main aims are to identify the extent of disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal and also to identify the factors that determine such a disclosure. The disclosure in the context of accounting standards will be studied by checking the disclosure of intangible assets through the items listed in the International Accounting Standard 38 developed by the International Accounting Standards Board. The context of management was analysed by means of creating a voluntary disclosure index based on assumptions of the model Intellectus, developed by the Centro de Investigación sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento – Instituto de Administración de Empresas (CIC-IADE) of the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, and of the model Intellectual Capital Statement (made in Europe) (InCaS), both promoted by the European Commission and that we have adapted to the banking sector. When analysing the disclosure of intangible assets based on the context of accounting standards and the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, this study has tried to raise awareness about the importance of issuing reports on the intellectual capital as an alternative tool to take management decisions in the existing organizations and reflects the transparency and legitimacy that these institutions seek through a more extensive and more detailed information disclosure of their intellectual capital. Based on a complimentarily of economic theories, together with social and political theories, we tried to check the extent, evolution and tendencies of the compulsory disclosure of intangible assets and of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital analysed in the period 2001-2011. Banks characteristics were also analysed in order to deduce those factors that determine or promote a larger disclosure in this sector. Based on these objectives, we adopted a longitudinal approach to explore the extent and the development of the disclosure of intangible assets as well as the factors that have determined it. Furthermore, we sought to assess the impact of the adoption of IAS 38 in the financial statements of the organizations in this sector. The disclosure index created on the basis of the disclosure requirements stated in IAS 38 from IASB was applied to the consolidated financial statements of the seventeen banks that rendered their statements in Portugal from 2001 to 2009. Since the information disclosed in the context of accounting standards may not have an important role as a management tool once it was not able to reflect what really contributes to the competitiveness and organizational growth, the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital was analysed according to the information obtained from the 2010 annual individual reports of the banks operating in Portugal in that year and from their respective websites in 2011. We tried to analyse the extent of the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital and of each of its components, human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The comparative analysis of their annual reports and their web pages allowed us to assess the incidence of the disclosure and discover what channel the banking sector focuses on when disclosing their intellectual capital. Also in this analysis the study of the disclosure determinants has allowed us to conclude about the influence of particular characteristics in the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. The results of the analysis to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the consolidated financial statements of the banking groups in Portugal in the period 2001-2009 have shown an average information disclosure of 0.24. This information disclosure evolved from an average value of 0.1940 in 2001 to 0.2778 in 2009. The average value is 0.8286 if it is only considered the disclosure of the intangible assets that the banks possessed. The evolution of this index means an increase in the average disclosure from 0.7852 in 2001 to 0.8788 in 2009. From the first results that are related to the extent of the disclosure of intangible assets in the financial statements, we can verify that the banking groups present a low disclosure level of these resources. However, when considering the disclosure of only the intangible assets that each institution owns, the disclosure level appears to be in compliance with the disclosure requirements for this sector. An evolution in the disclosure of intangible assets for the period considered was confirmed, showing an increase in the information disclosure of intangible assets in 2005, the year in which the accounting rules for intangible assets changed. The analysis that focused on the disclosure in the context of management tried to understand the extent, the incidence and the determinants of the voluntary information disclosure of intellectual capital in the annual reports of 2010 and on their web pages in 2011, studying the 32 banks operating in Portugal in this period. The average voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in the 2010 annual reports is 0.4342 while that in web pages is 0.2907. A review of the components of the intellectual capital allowed us to assess the importance that the banks confer to each of these components. The data obtained show that the relational capital, and more specifically the business capital, is the most disclosed component by banks in Portugal both in the annual reports and in their institutional web pages, followed by the structural capital and, finally, by the human capital. The disclosure of the human capital and the structural capital is higher in the annual reports than that in the websites, while the relational capital is more disclosed in the websites than in the annual reports. The results have also shown that the banks make a complementary use of both sources when disclosing information about their structural capital and relational capital but they do not show any information about their human capital in their websites. We tried to prove the influence of factors that could determine the accounting disclosure and the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital in this sector. The change in the IASB accounting rules as from January 1st 2005 gave a greater disclosure of accounting information of intangible assets in the financial statements of banks. The bank size and corporate governance measures have statistically proved to have an influence on the extent of the accounting disclosure of intangible assets and on the voluntary disclosure of the intellectual capital. Economic and financial variables such as profitability, operating efficiency or solvency were not determinants of information disclosure. The instability that the banking sector has experienced in economic and financial indicators in recent years as a result of the global financial markets imbalance has worsen indicators such as profitability, efficiency and solvency and caused major discrepancies in the economic situation between banks in Portugal. This empirical analysis has contributed to confront the disclosure required by accounting rules performed in the financial statements of organizations with that performed in the main disclosure media which is available for entities and which is increasingly requested in the process of taking management decisions. It also allowed us to verify whether there is homogeneity between institutions in the fulfilment of the requirements for information disclosure of intangible assets. However, as for voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital, there are large disparities in the disclosure extent between organizations. Regardless of this sector specific characteristics, the voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital made by banks in Portugal follows the trends in other sectors and the practices adopted in other countries, namely regarding the amount of information disclosed, the incidence of the disclosure on the indicators of relational capital and the importance of variables such as size as determinants of disclosure of intellectual capital. For a further knowledge in this field, we created a specific index for the banking sector, considering appropriate indicators for an incisive, comprehensive analysis in order to consider the most relevant indicators of intellectual capital components. Besides, confronting the analysis of disclosure in the context of accounting standards with the study of voluntary disclosure brought a new analysis approach to the research on intellectual capital disclosure. With this study, we have also intended to raise greater awareness of the need for harmonization in the intellectual capital disclosure on the part of the regulatory banking authority by means of a demanding, consistent and transparent report of intellectual capital with simple, clear, objective indicators so that those interested in disclosing intellectual capital information in the organizations in this sector may obtain more harmonized and comparable information. A research on the disclosure quality of intellectual capital, together with the application of other analysis methodologies in this sector, might be a promising approach for future research. Applying the voluntary disclosure index to the same sector in other countries may also contribute to the knowledge of disclosure practices in different geographical environments. We highlight the relevance of further studies contributing to the harmonization and consistency in the presentation of an intellectual capital report so as to enable organizations to disclose the resources that contribute most to their competitiveness and growth.

Medição do capital Intelectual – uma meta da Nova Economia

A informação e a comunicação provocaram a abertura a um mercado global, produziram e semearam conhecimento e os mercados evoluíram e incentivaram a competitividade e a inovação. As empresas mais competitivas são as que usam novas tecnologias de informação, as que apostam nos recursos humanos qualificados, as que evoluem na investigação e as que se centram na estratégia e nas ligações estratégicas. Estas empresas debatem-se com um novo activo que adquire cada vez mais importância e relevo no seu dia-a-dia, tornando-se, em algumas delas, o principal factor de produção. Segundo Stewart (1998, p.92) “o capitalismo intelectual necessita desesperadamente de uma linguagem prática, caso contrário cairá num charco de lodo verbal sem sentido“. O objectivo deste trabalho centra-se na análise de alguns dos métodos desenvolvidos para valorizar o activo já consagrado como o que mais contribui para o desenvolvimento empresarial e social: o capital intelectual.

Extensão da divulgação voluntária do capital intelectual nos grupos bancários

Com o presente estudo procuramos analisar a extensão da divulgação voluntária do capital intelectual nos relatórios anuais e nas páginas Web dos grupos bancários em Portugal. Os resultados revelaram que os grupos bancários divulgam em média 0,5335 de informação do capital intelectual nos relatórios anuais e 0,3493 nas suas páginas Web. O componente mais divulgado, tanto nos relatórios anuais como nas páginas Web, é o capital relacional, seguido do capital estrutural e do capital humano. Os grupos bancários em Portugal atribuem maior importância à divulgação de informação do capital negócio nos relatórios anuais e do capital sociedade nas páginas Web.

A divulgação do capital intelectual no setor bancário em Portugal.

divulgação do capital intelectual no setor bancário em Portugal.