Optimizing electrode positioning in 3-lead ECG chest devices

Although the 12-lead electrocardiogram has become an essential medical and research tool, many current and envisaged applications would benefit from simpler devices, using 3-lead ECG configuration. This is particularly true for Ambient Assisted Living (in a broad perspective). However, the chest anatomy of female patients, namely during pregnancy, can hamper the adequate placement of a 3-lead ECG device and, very often, electrodes are placed below the chest rather than at the precise thoracic landmarks. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of electrode positioning on the ECG signal of pregnant women and provide guidelines for device development. The effect of breast tissue on the ECG signal was investigated by relating breast size with the signal-to-noise ratio, root mean square and R-wave amplitude. Results show that the 3-lead ECG should be placed on the breast rather than under the breast and indicate positive correlation between breast size and signal-to-noise ratio.

Desenvolvimento de um dispensador automático de medicamentos e controlo através de uma plataforma móvel Android

O incumprimento na ingestão da medicação é um dos principais fatores para o insucesso no tratamento de diversas doenças e uma das principais dificuldades para controlar enfermidades crónicas [1], cardiovasculares [1, 3, 4] e psiquiátricas [4] que necessitam de uma ingestão correta e constante dos medicamentos. Estas tomas irregulares acabam por provocar desperdícios e gastos adicionais em tratamentos complementares e mais exames para análise do atual estado da doença [5]. De forma a prevenir falhas de adesão à terapêutica, foram desenvolvidos diversos equipamentos que ajudam os pacientes a gerir a sua medicação diária. No entanto estes dispositivos apresentam ainda algumas limitações, nomeadamente, ao permitirem apenas um utilizador e necessitarem da preparação prévia das tomas. Ao longo deste projeto foi desenvolvido um sistema de dispensa automática de medicamentos, assim como a plataforma de controlo através de um dispositivo móvel Android. As principais vantagens deste equipamento são o seu funcionamento em modo multiutilizador e a combinação automática de medicamentos para cumprir as tomas prescritas pelo médico. O dispositivo desenvolvido e a sua utilização foi validado durante 5 dias no Centro Clínico-Académico do Hospital de Braga recorrendo a utentes de várias faixas etárias, bem como em casa de 2 participantes num caso de estudo. O sistema de dispensa automático de medicamentos foi testado em ambos os perfis de utilizadores: utente e cuidador. Foram criados registos de novos utentes e efetuadas várias dispensas de medicamentos de forma a testar a fiabilidade do dispositivo para utilização em contexto real. Os resultados destes testes permitiram comprovar a funcionalidade e fiabilidade do sistema desenvolvido.

Improving fECG signal acquisition in the evaluation of fetal well-being

The ability to monitor fetal heart rate is vital during late pregnancy and labor in order to evaluate fetal well-being. Current monitoring practice is essentially based on external cardiotocography and, less frequently, during labor, invasive fetal scalp electrocardiography. Many current and envisaged applications could benefi t from simpler devices using a 3-lead ECG confi guration. We are designing a maternity support belt with an embedded wireless 3-lead ECG sensor, and have investigated the infl uence of the ground electrode position on signal quality. Data from over 100 pregnant women was collected with the ground electrode placed in 3 locations in order to determine optimum electrode placement and belt form factor.

Remote Patient Monitoring Based on ZigBee: Lessons from a Real-World Deployment

AIM: This work presents detailed experimental performance results from tests executed in the hospital environment for Health Monitoring for All (HM4All), a remote vital signs monitoring system based on a ZigBee® (ZigBee Alliance, San Ramon, CA) body sensor network (BSN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tests involved the use of six electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors operating in two different modes: the ECG mode involved the transmission of ECG waveform data and heart rate (HR) values to the ZigBee coordinator, whereas the HR mode included only the transmission of HR values. In the absence of hidden nodes, a non-beacon-enabled star network composed of sensing devices working on ECG mode kept the delivery ratio (DR) at 100%. RESULTS: When the network topology was changed to a 2-hop tree, the performance degraded slightly, resulting in an average DR of 98.56%. Although these performance outcomes may seem satisfactory, further investigation demonstrated that individual sensing devices went through transitory periods with low DR. Other tests have shown that ZigBee BSNs are highly susceptible to collisions owing to hidden nodes. Nevertheless, these tests have also shown that these networks can achieve high reliability if the amount of traffic is kept low. Contrary to what is typically shown in scientific articles and in manufacturers' documentation, the test outcomes presented in this article include temporal graphs of the DR achieved by each wireless sensor device. CONCLUSIONS: The test procedure and the approach used to represent its outcomes, which allow the identification of undesirable transitory periods of low reliability due to contention between devices, constitute the main contribution of this work.