2 resultados para Permeabilidade Equivalente Global
em Repositório da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Brazil
Resumo:
Esta pesquisa tematizou o ensino inicial da leitura na escola primária, no estado do Espírito Santo, nos anos de 1960, com o objetivo de analisar princípios que fundamentam o “método global” e sua apropriação no campo da política educacional, para justificar a representação desse método como eficaz para a alfabetização de crianças. Para tanto, nos debruçamos sobre manuais didáticos elaborados para o ensino inicial da leitura, que propõem o “método global” por meio de contos e historietas, que circularam em escolas capixabas. Desse modo a questão central que norteou esta investigação foi: Que apropriações foram feitas de princípios que fundamentavam o “método global” pelas professoras autoras de manuais didáticos (de contos e historietas) que circularam no Estado do Espírito Santo, nos anos de 1960? Os manuais didáticos que integram o corpus documental da análise compreendem: as mais belas histórias: pré-livro, parte do mestre [196?]; as mais belas histórias: pré-livro (1964) e as mais belas histórias: pré-livro, bloco de atividades [196?], de autoria Lúcia Casasanta. O livro de Lilí: método global, manual da professora (1940) e o livro de Lilí: cartilha (1961), de Anita Fonseca e o circo do Carequinha, manual do professor (1969), de Maria Serafina de Freitas. Além dessas fontes privilegiamos outras como revista pedagógica, correspondências oficiais, ata de reunião pedagógica, jornal, orientações/prescrições para prática pedagógica. Consideramos na análise o esquema conceitual apresentado por Roger Chartier: circulação, representação, apropriação e práticas culturais e, ainda o conceito de cultura escolar de Dominique Julia. Compreende-se que foram feitas apropriações inventivas, dos princípios teóricos formulados por Jean-Ovide Decroly, pelas autoras dos manuais didáticos e estes puseram em circulação a representação de método e de ensino da leitura que foi apropriada e legitimada pela política educacional capixaba. Entende-se que a proposta do “método global” não provocou significativas modificações na condição de passividade do aluno no processo de aprendizagem da leitura, tendo em vista a naturalização dos processos de desenvolvimento da criança e permanência de procedimentos mecanicista e reducionista da língua.
Resumo:
The edification of the landscape in the scientific and social field, in speech as in the method, is taken in this study as a complex process, from which were developed relationships of dominance on the perception of space, which persist strongly consolidated, since the genesis of the conceptual practice till its actual praxis. Historically, the landscape studies took place slowly, immersed in many questions, in face of the multiplicity of meanings that the concept offers. In the psyche, the notion of landscape is present since a long time ago, as an unconscious human being practice, even before any ideological hypothesis formulation. However its materialization in the social conscious will come only from painting, and specially with the perspective, through the technicity of the view, at first wandering the infinity, now ordained in a frame‟. Since then, the landscape is perceived according to the order of the view, as the equivalent of nature and beauty, assuming at the same time, an important symbolic value, since it is linked to mnemonic and subjective processes that the being build with the territory. The domain on this space-cognitive experience, characteristic of the contemporary, consolidates in the social imaginary, building consensus on the landscape, whose aesthetic references make a cultural appeal, very pertinent to the actual capitalist dynamics of production the space worldwide, mainly of the spectacle and commodification of cities promoted by the city marketing. In Brazil, this consensual ideology of the landscape surpass the social imaginary and also dominates the political imaginary, whereas the main instrument for preserving the landscape, Decree-law 25, from November 30, 1937, and its limit to those of exceptional value or remarkable feature. The analysis of the processes for putting under governmental trust for inscription of goods by the landscape value, reveals the dominant, if not exclusive, adoption of selection criteria related to aesthetic aspects. Abstain, therefore, from what the nation considers patrimony , other landscapes that, besides not having, at first, remarkable aesthetic value, play a crucial role as an inheritance from ancestor relations between man and space and pre- existing condition for the same present and future relations. From this historical background, the research seeks to transfer into contemporaneity, the ideological analysis of the concept and its relation with the building of the landscape in the collective imaginary, in order to recognize, in current practices to landscape preservation, as much this genesis, rooted in aesthetics, remains strongly consolidated, feeding the current dynamics of consumption and commodification of the city. Therefore, as preliminary conclusion, one can state that the identification of landscapes of different value, especially aesthetic, maintains and intensify the treatment of the city as an object, a standard‟ commodity to be sold / traded on the world market, in detriment of its recognition as a dynamic process that, even though inserted in the global context, develops specificifities and peculiarities, inherent to the production of space, as Lefebvre preconizes, that is, to the production of life, social product , as characteristic, dissent generator