232 resultados para Epidemiology
Resumo:
O tempo de irrompimento dentrio essencial para o planejamento de medidas de preveno da crie oclusal. Com a ampliao do ensino fundamental de oito para nove anos de durao, um nmero maior de crianas entre cinco e seis anos de idade includo na primeira srie do ensino fundamental. OBJETIVO: O objetivo foi estimar as tendncias do irrompimento dos primeiros molares permanentes em meninos e meninas de 5 e 6 anos de idade. MTODOS: Em estudo longitudinal, espaos dentrios de 497 crianas de 60 meses e mais de idade foram examinados quatro vezes por um dentista calibrado (kappa > 0,97) durante 18 meses. O primeiro molar permanente foi considerado irrompido quando qualquer parte de sua superfcie podia ser tocada por uma sonda de ponta esfrica. A idade dos participantes foi medida em meses. Intervalos para 95% de confiana dos valores de prevalncia e incidncia foram apurados conforme o sexo para trs coortes etrias: 60,0 a 65,9; 66,0 a 71,9; 72,0 a 77,9 meses. A razo entre as taxas de incidncia foi estimada por meio de anlise de regresso de Poisson. RESULTADOS: A maioria das crianas entre 66,0 e 71,9 meses e entre 72,0 e 77,9 meses tem pelo menos um molar permanente irrompido. No grupo de 66,0 a 71,9 meses, de cada trs crianas pelo menos uma apresentou os quatro primeiros molares permanentes irrompidos. CONCLUSO. As tendncias de irrompimento observadas justificam a necessidade da adoo de medidas de vigilncia e de proteo especfica em relao leso de crie oclusal.
Resumo:
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a frequncia de propriedades positivas (focos) e de animais positivos para a tuberculose bovina no Estado da Paraba. Foram utilizados dados da Agncia de Defesa Agropecuria do Estado, coletados de suas 23 microrregies, durante o perodo de janeiro de 2008 a julho de 2009. Durante esse perodo, foram examinadas 10.963 propriedades e 54.472 bovinos foram submetidos ao teste de tuberculinizao. Para o diagnstico foi utilizada, como prova de triagem, a tuberculinizao cervical simples para gado de leite e a tuberculinizao na prega caudal para gado de corte; como prova confirmatria foi utilizada a tuberculinizao cervical comparativa. Uma propriedade foi considerada foco quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das propriedades investigadas, 62 (0,57%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal positivo e dos animais analisados, 136 (0,25%) foram positivos. Houve diferena significativa (p<0,001) na proporo de fmeas (0,32%) e machos (0,04%) positivos. A despeito da baixa freqncia de focos de brucelose e de animais soropositivos, necessria a conduo de medidas que incluem a conscientizao dos produtores, fiscalizao nas barreiras sanitrias e levantamentos peridicos da situao epidemiolgica desta doena, principalmente nas microrregies com maior frequncia da infeco, com o objetivo de evitar, ou pelo menos minimizar, a disseminao do agente.
Resumo:
This study investigated the epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis in Northeastern Brazil, focusing the identification of the Ehrlichia species and vectors involved. Samples were collected from 472 domestic dogs residing in the health districts of Cajazeiras and Itapu of Salvador city. The average prevalence of antibodies reactive to E. canis by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (titer > 1:80) was 35.6% (168/472). Blood samples from the E. canis-seropositive animals were tested by nested PCR in order to identify the Ehrlichia species responsible for the infection. Among the seropositives, 58 (34.5%) were found to be PCR-positive for E. canis. Ticks were found in 32 dogs. Nested-PCR analysis showed that 21.9% (7/32) of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus were infected by E. canis. In both dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus, nested-PCR for E. ewingii and E. chaffeensis was negative, with no amplification of DNA fragment.
Resumo:
A case-control study was carried out in litters of 1 to 7-day-old piglets to identify the main infectious agents involved with neonatal diarrhea in pigs. Fecal samples (n=276) from piglets were collected on pig farms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from May to September 2007. Litters with diarrhea were considered cases (n=129) and normal litters (n=147) controls. The samples were examined by latex agglutination test, PAGE, conventional isolating techniques, ELISA, PCR, and microscopic methods in order to detect rotavirus, bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens type A and C, and Clostridium difficile), and parasites (Coccidian and Cryptosporidium spp.). Outbreaks of diarrhea were not observed during sampling. At least one agent was detected in fecal samples on 25 out of 28 farms (89.3%) and in 16 farms (57.1%) more than one agent was found. The main agents diagnosed were Coccidia (42.86%) and rotavirus (39.29%). The main agents identified in litters with diarrhea were Clostridium difficile (10.6%), Clostridium perfringens type A (8.8%) and rotavirus (7.5%); in control litters, Clostridium difficile (16.6%) and Coccidian (8.5%). Beta hemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type C were not detected. When compared with controls, no agent was significantly associated with diarrhea in case litters. These findings stress the need for caution in the interpretation of laboratorial diagnosis of mild diarrhea in neonatal pigs, as the sole detection of an agent does not necessarily indicate that it is the cause of the problem.
Resumo:
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting most mammals and is distributed throughout the world. Several species of domestic and wild animals may act as reservoirs for this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores, horses and domestic dogs on a private reserve located in the northern Pantanal (Brazil) and the surrounding areas to Leptospira spp from 2002-2006, 75 free-ranging wild carnivores were captured in the Pantanal and serum samples were collected. In addition, samples from 103 domestic dogs and 23 horses in the region were collected. Serum samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test. Thirty-two wild carnivores (42.7%) were considered positive with titres > 100, and 18 domestic dogs (17.5%) and 20 horses (74.1%) were also found to be positive. Our study showed that horses, dogs and several species of free-ranging wild carnivores have been exposed to Leptospira spp in the Pantanal, suggesting that the peculiar characteristics of this biome, such as high temperatures and an extended period of flooding, may favour bacterial persistence and transmission. In this region, wild carnivores and horses seem to be important hosts for the epidemiology of Leptospira species.
Resumo:
Rabies is a viral zoonotic infectious disease that affects mammals and is caused by genotypes/species of the Lyssavirus genus (Rhabdoviridae, Mononegavirales), with the genotype 1 (classic rabies virus - RABV) being the most prevalent. Despite continuous efforts, rabies is still an incurable disease that causes thousands of deaths amongst humans worldwide. Due to a wide range of hosts and the different evolutionary paths of RABV in each host, several host-specific variants have arisen in an ongoing process. The result of RABV replication in nervous tissues may lead to two opposite clinical outcomes, i.e., paralytic/dumb form and encephalitic/furious one. The paralytic form creates dead-end hosts mainly amongst herbivores, while the furious form of the disease allows for augmented transmission when manifested in gregarious carnivores, as their natural aggressive behavior is accentuated by the disease itself. The aim of this article is to propose a theoretical model intended to explore how the rabies virus intrinsically modulates the immune system of different host classes, the pathological changes that the virus causes in these animals and how these elements favor its own perpetuation in nature, thus providing a basis for better prediction of the patterns this disease may present.
Resumo:
In the southern region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic started in September 2005. A total of 33 outbreaks were detected and 33,741 FMD-susceptible animals were slaughtered and destroyed. There were no reports of FMD cases in other species than bovines. Based on the data of this epidemic, it was carried out an analysis using the K-function and it was observed spatial clustering of outbreaks within a range of 25km. This observation may be related to the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease spread and to the measures undertaken to control the disease dissemination. The control measures were effective once the disease did not spread to farms more than 47 km apart from the initial outbreaks.
Resumo:
Rabies transmitted by vampire bats was diagnosed in pigs with paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Diffuse nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, affecting mainly the spinal cord, was observed histologically. Despite the various diagnosis of rabies in pigs this is the first report of clinical signs and pathology of rabies transmitted by vampire bats.
Resumo:
INTRODUCTION: Spotted fevers are emerging zoonoses caused by Rickettsia species in the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsia rickettsii is the main etiologic agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) and it is transmitted by Amblyomma spp. ticks. METHODS: The study aimed to investigate SFG rickettsiae in the Arthur Thomas Municipal Park in Londrina, PR, by collecting free-living ticks and ticks from capybaras and blood samples from personnel working in these areas. Samples from A. dubitatum and A. cajennense were submitted for PCR in pools to analyze the Rickettsia spp. gltA (citrate synthase gene). RESULTS: All the pools analyzed were negative. Human sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay with R. rickettsii and R. parkeri as antigens. Among the 34 sera analyzed, seven (20.6%) were reactive for R. rickettsii: four of these had endpoint titers equal to 64, 2 titers were 128 and 1 titer was 256. None of the samples were reactive for R. parkeri. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the park staff, but no statistically significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The serological studies suggest the presence of Rickettsiae related to SFG that could be infecting the human population studied; however, analysis of the ticks collected was unable to determine which species may be involved in transmission to humans.
Resumo:
The Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is a zoonosis that can be fatal if not trteated. As there are few studies of the BSF in the Paran State, the occurrence of BSF was serologically investigated in dogs and horses by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), in the North of that State, in animals that are regarded as sentinels for BSF. A total of 241 samples of sera of equine, four of asinine, and 29 of dogs were collected in nine farms of three municipalities in the North of Paran: Arapongas, Douradina, and Umuarama. From fifteen samples of equine serum with positive titres for RIFI, eight (53.3 %) had titre of 64 against R. rickettsii, two (13.3 %) 128 against R. rickettsii, and five (33.3 %) were reactants for R. parkeri and R. rickettsii, with titres ranging from 64 to 2048, and 128 to 1024, respectively. The results showed that domestic animals, sentinels for BSF, are under low exposition to ticks infected with spotted fever group Rickettsia, indicating low risk of human infection by these agents in the studied area.
Resumo:
A anlise da mortalidade tem sido muito usada em sade pblica, e a causa bsica da morte uma varivel bastante estudada. Na maioria dos pases, h obrigatoriedade de o mdico preencher a declarao de bito (DO), informando s autoridades a ocorrncia do evento, caractersticas do falecido e causas da morte. Quando h dois ou mais diagnsticos na declarao das causas da morte, surge a questo da seleo da causa bsica. As normas para o preenchimento das causas de morte pelos mdicos nas DO e as regras para a seleo da causa bsica, quando mais de uma causa declarada, esto definidas pela OMS, visando comparabilidade internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho avaliar se a aplicao das Regras Internacionais de Classificao da causa bsica permite a seleo da real causa bsica, mesmo se declarada incorretamente pelo mdico. O material pertence ao "Estudo sobre a mortalidade de mulheres em idade frtil", sendo que 1.315 casos satisfizeram os requisitos de incluso. Para cada morte foi realizada uma investigao atravs de entrevistas domicilirias, consultas aos pronturios hospitalares e assemelhados. Mdicos treinados e calibrados preenchiam uma DO nova, aps a leitura de toda a informao, e selecionavam a "verdadeira" causa bsica da morte. Esta era comparada com a causa bsica da DO original, obtida por meio das Regras Internacionais. Entre as DO, em 1.192 (90,6%) houve concordncia com a verdadeira causa bsica obtida aps a investigao. Concluiu-se que as Regras Internacionais permitem selecionar a real causa bsica, mesmo quando o mdico preenche inadequadamente a DO
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalncia do tabagismo em estudantes e os fatores associados.MTODOS: Foram utilizados dados secundrios, provenientes do inqurito Vigescola realizado em Curitiba (PR), Florianpolis (SC) e Porto Alegre (RS) em 2002 e 2004. A amostra compreendeu 3.690 escolares de 13 a 15 anos, cursando as stima e oitava sries do ensino fundamental e primeira do ensino mdio, em escolas pblicas e privadas. Para a anlise dos resultados foram estimadas propores ponderadas, odds ratio (OR), e utilizada a tcnica de regresso logstica mltipla.RESULTADOS: As taxas de prevalncia de tabagismo corresponderam a 10,7 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 10,2;11,3) em Florianpolis, 12,6 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 12,4;12,9) em Curitiba e 17,7 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 17,4;18,0) em Porto Alegre. Os fatores associados ao tabagismo em escolares em Curitiba foram: sexo feminino (OR=1,49), pai fumante (OR=1,59), amigos fumantes (OR=3,46), exposio fumaa do tabaco fora de casa (OR=3,26) e possuir algum objeto com logotipo de marca de cigarro (OR=3,29). Em Florianpolis, as variveis associadas ao tabagismo foram escolares do sexo feminino (OR=1,26), ter amigos fumantes (OR=9,31), exposio fumaa do tabaco em casa (OR=2,03) e fora de casa (OR=1,45) e ter visto propaganda em cartazes (OR=1,82). Em Porto Alegre, as variveis que estiveram associadas com o uso de tabaco pelos escolares foram sexo feminino (OR=1,57), idade entre 14 anos (OR=1,77) e 15 anos (OR=2,89), amigos fumantes (OR=9,12), exposio fumaa do tabaco em casa (OR=1,87) e fora de casa (OR=1,77) e possuir algo com logotipo de marca de cigarro (OR=2,83).CONCLUSES: H elevada prevalncia de tabagismo entre escolares de 13 a 15 anos, cujos fatores significativamente associados comuns s trs capitais so: ter amigos fumantes e estar exposto fumaa ambiental fora de casa
Resumo:
O Atlas foi concebido para colocar disposio do usurio os dados disponveis sobre acidentes de trnsito no Brasil, j trabalhados sob forma de indicadores e apresentados predominantemente como mapas, grficos, quadros e tabelas. Neste artigo, so apresentados os principais resultados obtidos, bem como, algumas concluses, consideraes, ponderaes e possveis explicaes quanto aos problemas e questes relacionadas a este importante agravo sade
Resumo:
The knowledge of mosquitoes Culicidae host feeding patterns is basic to understand the roles of different species and to indicate their importance in the epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases. A laboratory assay was developed aiming at standardizing the biotin-avidin sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which was unprecedented for mosquito blood meal identification. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) activity was evaluated by the detection of titers on each sample of the 28 blood-fed Culex quinquefasciatus. In light of the high sensitivity that the technique permits, by means of small quantities of specific antibodies commercially provided and phosphatase substrate which reinforces additional dilutions, human and rat blood meals were readily identified in all laboratory-raised Culex quinquefasciatus tested. The assay was effective to detect human blood meal dilutions up to 1:4,096, which enables the technique to be applied in field studies. Additionally, the present results indicate a significant difference between the detection patterns recorded from human blood meal which corroborate the results of host feeding patterns
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de pacientes adultos residentes no municpio de So Paulo que evoluram para bito associado tuberculose, segundo fatores biolgicos, ambientais e institucionais. MTODOS: Estudo descritivo, abrangendo todos os bitos por tuberculose (N=416) ocorridos em 2002, entre maiores de 15 anos. Os dados analisados foram obtidos do Sistema Municipal de Informaes de Mortalidade, pronturios hospitalares, Servio de Verificao de bitos e Sistema de Vigilncia de Tuberculose. Os clculos dos riscos relativos e intervalos de confiana de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento) tiveram como referncia o sexo feminino, grupo de 15 a 29 anos, e os naturais do Estado de So Paulo. A anlise comparativa usou o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e o exato de Fisher para variveis categricas e o teste Kruskal-Wallis para variveis contnuas. RESULTADOS: Do total de bitos, 78 por cento apresentavam a forma pulmonar; o diagnstico foi efetuado aps a morte em 30 por cento e em unidades de atendimento primrio em 14 por cento dos casos; 44 por cento no iniciaram tratamento; 49 por cento no foram notificados; 76 por cento eram homens e a mediana da idade foi de 51 anos; 52 por cento tinham at quatro anos de estudo, 4 por cento eram provveis moradores de rua. As taxas de mortalidade aumentavam com a idade, sendo de 5,0/100.000 no municpio, variando de zero a 35, conforme o distrito. Para 82 de 232 pacientes com registro de tratamento, havia referncia de tratamento anterior, e desses, 41 o haviam abandonado. Constatou-se presena de diabetes (16 por cento), doena pulmonar obstrutiva crnica (19 por cento), HIV (11 por cento), tabagismo (71 por cento) e alcoolismo (64 por cento) nos pacientes. CONCLUSES: Homens acima de 50 anos, migrantes e residentes em distritos com baixo ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano apresentam maiores riscos de bito. )A pouca escolaridade e apresentar co-morbidades so caractersticas importante Observou-se baixa participao das unidades bsicas de sade no diagnstico e a elevada sub-notificao
