Influência do grau de bipartição escrotal sobre parâmetros reprodutivos de caprinos

Avaliou-se a influência do grau de bipartição escrotal sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos em caprinos. Foram utilizados 30 animais, distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo I, animais que apresentavam escroto sem bipartição (n =10); Grupo II, animais com bipartição escrotal até 50% do comprimento dos testículos (n=10); e Grupo III, caprinos com bipartição escrotal acima de 50% do comprimento testicular (n=10). Os parâmetros avaliados foram peso corporal, perímetro escrotal, comprimento testicular, características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen, concentração plasmática de testosterona e libido dos animais, comparando caprinos com escroto bipartido e não bipartido. Os animais que apresentavam bipartição escrotal expressaram maior peso corporal e comprimento testicular, quando comparados com os animais do grupo sem escroto bipartido, sendo que estes apresentaram maior número de células espermáticas defeituosas. Conclui-se que a bipartição escrotal influencia positivamente alguns parâmetros biométricos bem como a qualidade do sêmen em caprinos.

Influence of the bipartite scrotum on the testicular and scrotal temperatures in goats

The influence of the scrotal bipartition and of the year period on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation was evaluated in male goats raised in Piaui State, Brazil. Eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished in this study and arranged into three Groups (6 animals each) obeying the classification as goats presenting no scrotal bipartition (Group I), goats showing scrotal bipartition at 50% of the testicular length (Group II), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (Group III). The scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi temperatures were evaluated invasively with the aid of a digital thermometer and non-invasive with a pyrometer in the proximal, medial and distal portion. The data were acquired during the dry (October-November) and rainy (February-March) period of the year, measured in two shifts: morning (6h00-7h00) and afternoon (14h00-15h00). The results were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) following the SNK test for average comparison (p<0.05). The year period interfered on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation, due to increased temperatures of the scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi during the dry period in comparison with the rainy period. The bipartition level was also a factor which contributed to the influence of scrotal-testicular temperature regulation, due to lower average scrotal-testicular temperature rates observed during both periods in the goats with higher levels of scrotal bipartition (>50%). It is possible to conclude that with the experimental conditions applied on this study, the level of scrotal bipartition and the climatic conditions interfere with the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation in goats.

Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation in ileum myenteric neurons of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The exacerbation of the oxidative stress and of the polyol pathway which impair damage myenteric plexus are metabolic characteristics of diabetes. The ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant and an aldose reductase inhibitor, which may act as neuroprotector. The effects of AA supplementation on the density and cellular body profile area (CP) of myenteric neurons in STZ-induced diabetes in rats were assessed. Four groups with five animals each were formed: normoglycemic (C); diabetic (D); AA-treated diabetic (DS) and AA-treated normoglycemic (CS). Dosagen of 50mg of AA were given, three times a week, for each animal (group DS and CS). Ninety days later and after euthanasia, the ileum was collected and processed for the NADPH-diaphorase technique. There were no differences (P>0.05) in the neuronal density among the groups. The CP area was lower (P<0.05) in the DS and CS groups, with a higher incidence of neurons with a CP area exceeding 200µm² for groups C and D. The AA had no influence on the neuronal density in the ileum but had a neuroprotective effect, preventing the increase in the CP area and allowing a higher number of neurons with a CP area with less than 200µm².

Outflow occlusion for circulatory arrest in dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of producing circulatory arrest by occlusion of the pulmonary trunk as an alternative to the venous inflow occlusion through the left hemithorax. Eight healthy mongrel dogs were divided in two groups. Group I underwent 4 minutes of outflow occlusion and Group II was submitted to 8 minutes of circulatory arrest. Outflow occlusion was performed through left thoracotomy and pericardiotomy by passing a Rumel tourniquet around the pulmonary trunk. Physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, blood gas analyses, hemodynamic, and oxygen transport variables were obtained before and after the procedure. The dogs from Group I did not have any clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, or hemo-dynamic abnormalities after anesthetic recover. In the Group II, only one dog survived, which had no clinical, electrocardiographic, or echocardiographic abnormalities. In this last dog, just after releasing the occlusion, it was detected increases in the following parameters: heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (SAP; DAP; MAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), systolic index (SI), cardiac index (CI), left and right ventricular stroke work (LVSW; RVSW), oxygen delivery index (DO2), oxygen consumption index (VO2), and oxygen extraction (O2 ext). Moreover, the oxygen content of arterial and mixed venous blood (CaO2; CvO2), and the arterial and mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2; PvO2) were decreased 5 minutes after circulatory arrest. Outflow occlusion is a feasible surgical procedure for period of 4 minutes of circulatory arrest.

Análise proliferativa nas células trofoblásticas em bovinos

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cell proliferative activity, by AgNORs number, in different regions of bovine placenta throughout gestation. A total of 28 bovine placentas were separated into four groups: group I (60 to 120 days), group II (121 to 170 days), group III (171 to 220 days), and group IV (221 to 290 days). It was found a greater number of AgNORs in giant trophoblastic cells (GTC) when compared with mononuclear trophoblastic cells (MTC) (p<0,001) in all regions and gestational groups analyzed, that confirms their intensive synthesis activity in trophoblast epithelium. The central region of the placentome begins an intense proliferative activity in group II, observed by clusters, while placentomes edges showed a higher number of clusters on group III. These data suggest that the central region of the placentomes began an intense proliferative activity prior to its edge, both declines at the end of pregnancy. Interplacentomal area showed a higher number of AgNORs in the group IV, suggesting a higher proliferative activity of these cells at the end of pregnancy. The results of this study indicate that the proliferative activity, as determined by the amount of intranuclear AgNORs, exhibits patterns that are not only specific to each type of trophoblastic cells, but also for each specific region of bovine placenta throughout pregnancy.

Comparison of full-field electroretinogram in diabetic and non diabetic dogs with cataracts

Being the commonest ocular disorder, dense cataracts disable fundoscopic examination and the diagnosis of retinal disorders, which dogs may be predisposed. The aim of this study was to compare the electroretinographic responses recorded according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision human protocol to evaluate retinal function of diabetic and non diabetic dogs, both presenting mature or hypermature cataracts. Full-field electroretinogram was recorded from 66 dogs, with ages varying from 6 to 15 years old allocated into two groups: (1) CG, non diabetic cataractous dogs, and (2) DG, diabetic cataractous dogs. Mean peak-to-peak amplitude (microvolts) and b-wave implicit time (milliseconds) were determined for each of the five standard full-field ERG responses (rod response, maximal response, oscillatory potentials, single-flash cone response and 30 Hz flicker). Comparing CG to DG, ERGs recorded from diabetic dogs presented lower amplitude and prolonged b-wave implicit time in all ERG responses. Prolonged b-wave implicit time was statistically significant (p< 0.05) at 30 Hz flicker (24.0 ms versus 22.4 ms). These data suggests full-field ERG is capable to record sensible alterations, such as flicker's implicit time, being useful to investigate retinal dysfunction in diabetic dogs.

Efeitos cardiovasculares da anestesia dissociativa na reposição volêmica com colóide e solução hipertônica em cães: avaliação biotelemétrica

Avaliaram-se os efeitos cardiovasculares por um período de 24 horas, após a administração de solução salina hipertônica (NaCl) 7,5% ou em associação ao hidroxietilamido 130/0,4 (HES), em cães com hipovolemia induzida e tratados com cetamina levógira ou racêmica. Após a indução da hipovolemia, administrou-se NaCl 7,5% (4mL/kg) no grupo hipertônica levógira (GHL) e no grupo hipertônica racêmica (GHR) ou HES 130/0,4 na mesma proporção de sangue retirado, associado a NaCl 7,5% (4mL/kg) no grupo hipertônica colóide levógira (GHCL) e no grupo hipertônica colóide racêmica (GHCR). Após 30 minutos, administrou-se por via intravenosa, cetamina levógira (CL; 5mg/kg) no GHL e GHCL ou cetamina racêmica (CR; 10mg/kg) no GHR e GHCR. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foram menores após a hipovolemia e após a CR. A pressão arterial média (PAM) e a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) foram menores após a hipovolemia e após a administração de CL e CR. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à FC, PAS, PAM e PAD durante o período de mensuração por biotelemetria desde T210 até T1440. A administração de HES associado ao NaCl 7,5% propiciou restabelecimento imediato da PAM, a administração de NaCl 7,5% não restaurou a PAM em pacientes hipovolêmicos, a administração de CR ou CL produziu efeitos semelhantes e todos os tratamentos mantiveram estáveis as pressões arteriais e a FC por um período de até 24 horas.

Estudo eletrocardiográfico de equinos de salto sadios

Avaliou-se o eletrocardiograma de 100 equinos sadios praticantes de hipismo clássico modalidade salto, com idades entre 4 e 19 anos, sendo 61 machos e 39 fêmeas, com média de 516,3 kg. Observou-se frequência cardíaca média de 40,20 ±13,33 bpm, sendo o ritmo cardíaco mais freqüente o sinusal (56%). As alterações de ritmo cardíaco estiveram presentes em 38% dos animais estudados, sendo a mais presente o marcapasso migratório (22%), seguido de bloqueio atrioventricular de 2º grau (4%), bloqueio atrioventricular de 1º grau (3%), contração ventricular prematura (2%), contração atrial prematura (1%). Não se observou correlação entre as variáveis estudadas (freqüência cardíaca, ritmo e arritmias) e a capacidade atlética, a idade e o sexo. O escore cardíaco após analise estatística não diferiu entre os grupos quanto ao desempenho atlético, a faixa etária e o sexo. O escore cardíaco, nesta amostra, não se mostrou um parâmetro confiável para se predizer o futuro atlético ou o nível de treinamento do eqüino.

AT1-receptor mediated vascular damage in myocardium, kidneys and liver in rats

The systemic aspect of vascular damage induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) has been poorly explored in the literature. Considering the presence of ANG II and its specific receptor AT1, in several organs, all tissues might be potentially affected by its effects. The aims of this study were: To evaluate the early histological changes in the heart, liver and kidneys, produced by ANG II infusion, to evaluate the protective effect of losartan. Wistar rats were distributed into three groups: control (no treatment), treated with ANG II, and treated with ANG II + losartan. ANG II was continuously infused over 72 hours by subcutaneous osmotic pumps. Histological sections of the myocardium, kidneys and liver were stained and observed for the presence of necrosis. There were ANG II-induced perivascular inflammation and necrosis of the arteriolar wall in the myocardium, kidney, and liver by, which were partially prevented by losartan. There was no significant correlation between heart and kidney damage. Tissue lesion severity was lower than that of vascular lesions, without statistical difference between groups. ANG II causes vascular injury in the heart, kidneys and liver, indicating a systemic vasculotoxic effect; the mechanisms of damage/protection vary depending on the target organ; perivascular lesions may occur even when anti-hypertensive doses of losartan are used.

Valores de referência e influência da idade no eritrograma de bubalinos da raça Murrah

O eritrograma é uma avaliação que representa um auxílio ao clínico no diagnóstico de afecções que acometem os animais domésticos. No entanto, estudos hematológicos em bubalinos são escassos, havendo poucas informações na literatura a respeito de valores de referência dos constituintes sanguíneos desta espécie. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise do eritrograma de búfalos de diferentes faixas etárias da raça Murrah, machos e fêmeas. Os animais em estudo foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais, de acordo com as idades: Grupo 1: animais com idade entre o nascimento e 3 meses (n=15); Grupo 2: animais com idade entre 4 e 6 meses (n=50); Grupo 3: animais com idade entre 7 e 12 meses (n=50); e Grupo 4: animais com idade superior a 12 meses (n=50). Como resultados das análises foram encontrados os seguintes valores médios, no Grupo 1: 7,9x106 hemácias/mL de sangue (He); 13,0 g/dL de hemoglobina (Hb); hematócrito (Ht) de 38,9%; Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM) de 49,0 fl; Concentração Hemoglobínica Corpuscular Média (CHCM) de 33,6 %, e Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média (HCM) de 16,4 pg; no Grupo 2: He: 7,1 x10(6)/mL; Hb: 12,5 g/dL; Ht: 36,8%; VCM: 52,4 fl; CHCM: 33,9%, e HCM: 17,8 pg; no Grupo 3: He: 7,9 x10(6)/mL; Hb: 12,0 g/dL; Ht: 33,8%; VCM: 43,1 fl; CHCM: 35,4%, e HCM: 15,34 pg; e no Grupo 4: He: 6,7 x10(6)/mL; Hb: 11,7 g/dL; Ht: 34,4%; VCM: 53,4 fl; CHCM: 34,4%. e HCM: 17,4 pg. A análise estatística dos resultados encontrados para as diferentes faixas etárias permitiu concluir que ocorreram variações determinadas pela evolução da idade, caracterizadas por diminuição do número médio de hemácias (He), da concentração de hemoglobina (Hb) e do valor do hematócrito (Ht). Os índices hematimétricos apresentaram variações significativas no G3.

Pesquisa de Rickettsia spp em carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense e Amblyomma dubitatum no Estado de São Paulo

Foi pesquisada a presença de riquétsias em 3.545 carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense e 2.666 Amblyomma dubitatum. Através do teste de hemolinfa, reação em cadeia pela polimerase e isolamento de rickettsia em cultivo celular, todos os Amblyomma cajennense foram negativos, sendo que 634 (23,8%) Amblyomma dubitatum mostraram-se infectados com Rickettsia bellii.

Dietas com nitrogênio não-proteico para fêmeas bovinas superovuladas sem prévia adaptação durante curto tempo e em diferentes fases do ciclo estral

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito do fornecimento, sem prévia adaptação, durante curto tempo e em diferentes fases do ciclo estral, de dietas contendo nitrogênio não-proteico (NNP) na produção, na qualidade e no grau de desenvolvimento de embriões recuperados em fêmeas bovinas superovuladas. Sessenta e oito vacas Nelore foram distribuídas em três grupos: um controle e dois com fornecimento de ureia antes (UA = do dia -5 ao dia 0) e após (UD = dia 0 ao dia 5) a inseminação artificial. As vacas foram mantidas em pastagem e receberam concentrado (3,0 kg/animal/dia) durante 16 dias. Foram formulados dois concentrados, e as dietas totais (concentrado e consumo estimado de pastagem) apresentaram 12,0% (dieta controle) e 14,6% (dieta NNP) de proteína bruta (PB). As vacas foram sincronizadas, superovuladas e inseminadas. Sete dias (dia 7) após a inseminação (dia 0), realizou-se a colheita e análise dos embriões. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias -5, 0 e 5 para determinação da concentração de nitrogênio ureico plasmático (NUP), glicose, insulina e progesterona. A época de fornecimento de ureia influenciou as concentrações médias de NUP nos dias -5, 0 e 5, mas não tiveram efeito nas concentrações de glicose, insulina e progesterona. O período de fornecimento da ureia teve efeito na porcentagem de mórulas compactas em relação ao total de estruturas (UA = 51,4 vs. UD = 15,3%), em relação ao total de oócitos fecundados (UA = 62,5 vs. UD = 30,6%) e em relação ao total de embriões viáveis (UA = 68,8 vs. UD = 38,6%). No grupo que recebeu ureia depois da inseminação artificial, houve redução de 70,2% da proporção de mórulas compactas por total de estruturas em relação ao grupo que recebeu ureia antes da inseminação. Dietas com nitrogênio não-proteico fornecidas imediatamente após a inseminação promovem aceleração do desenvolvimento embrionário inicial.

Apparent digestibility of diets with different concentrations of lysine and energy in piglets with different body weights and post-weaning age

The effects of body weight or age and dietary digestible lysine and metabolizable energy on apparent digestibility of energy and dry matter were evaluated in piglets after weaning. The animals were weaned at 21 days of age and distributed in two groups: 8.68 ± 0.76 kg at 28 days of age (weaned 7 days earlier); and 12.73 ± 0.99 kg at 35 days of age (weaned 14 days earlier). The pigs were allotted in digestibility cages in a completely randomized block design with the following factorial arrangements: 2 × 4 composed of two weight categories and four levels of digestible lysine (1.222; 1.305; 1.390 and 1.497%); and 2 × 3 composed of two weight categories and three levels of metabolizable energy (3,510; 3,700 and 3,830 kcal/kg rations). Digestible lysine was evaluated in six replications and metabolizable energy in eight replications and each animal constituted an experimental unit. Piglets with higher body weight and age were more efficient in nitrogen retention and energetic balance, compared to lighter and younger piglets, particularly those given lower concentration of lysine in the diet. The energy increase favored nitrogen retention by the heavier and older piglets. However, coefficients of dry matter and energy apparent digestibility did not differ among weight categories. Older and heavier piglets were more efficient in nitrogen retention, although this efficacy depended on concentration of the energy in the diet. This better use of protein and energy suggest differences on nutritional requirements.

Evaluation of the efficacy of hydrated sodium aluminosilicate in the prevention of aflatoxin-induced hepatic cancer in rainbow trout

The use of aluminum silicates for decontaminating animal feed containing aflatoxins has yielded encouraging results in chicken and turkey poults. In contrast, very few studies have tested these substances in aquaculture. In this work, we investigated the efficacy of a trout diet containing 0.5% hydrated sodium aluminosilicate (HSAS) in protecting against contamination with aflatoxin B1. Trout were reared on these diets for one year and the experimental groups were examined monthly for hepatic presumptive preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Regardless of the presence of HSAS, all of the fish that received aflatoxin in their diet have shown hepatic lesions indicative of a carcinogenic process, presenting also the development of cancer in some fish. The concentration of HSAS used in this study was ineffective in preventing the onset of hepatic lesions induced by aflatoxin B1 in rainbow trout.

Hematological profile of Chelonia mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) according to the severity of fibropapillomatosis or its absence

The green turtle Chelonia mydas feeds and nests in the Brazilian coastal area and is considered an endangered species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN 2009) and threatened by the Red List of Brazilian Fauna (Ministério do Meio Ambiente 2009). Fibropapillomatosis is a disease characterized by benign skin tumors (fibropapillomas), and it is one of the main threats to the survival of this species. Studies suggest the involvement of viruses as infectious agents associated with environmental and genetic factors. Blood samples were collected from 45 turtles captured in the coastal area of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. From these, 27 were affected by fibropapillomas and 18 were tumor free. Biometrical data on the turtles, size, location and quantity of tumors were recorded. The area occupied by fibropapillomas per animal was calculated and four groups were determined according to severity of the disease or its absence. The objective of the study was to compare hemogram results of the sea turtles classified in these four groups. The lowest hematocrit value was observed in severely affected animals. In the hemoglobin assay, the highest value was observed in the group of tumor free turtles and the lowest, in animals severely affected. Lymphocyte counts and curved carapace length were on the verge of statistical significance.