Iron Concentrations in Breast Milk and Selected Maternal Factors of Human Milk Bank Donors

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between iron concentration in mature breast milk and characteristics of 136 donors of a Brazilian milk bank. Iron, vitamin A, zinc, and copper concentrations were assessed in human milk and maternal blood. Data were collected on maternal anthropometrics, obstetric, socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle factors. Iron, zinc, and copper in milk and zinc and copper in blood were detected by spectrophotometry. Vitamin A in milk and blood was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hemoglobin was measured by electronic counting and serum iron and ferritin by colorimetry and chemoluminescence, respectively. Transferrin and ceruloplasmin were determined by nephelometry. According to multivariate linear regression analysis, iron in milk was positively associated with vitamin A in milk and with smoking but negatively associated with timing of breast milk donation (P < .001). These results indicate that iron concentration in milk of Brazilian donors may be influenced by nutritional factors and smoking. J Hum Lact. 26(2):175-179

Modified silicas covalently bounded to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III): synthesis, spectroscopic and EPR characterization. Catalytic studies

In this work we have studied cyclooctene epoxidation with PhIO, using a new iron porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III), supported on silica matrices via eletrostatic interaction and / or covalent bonds as catalyst. These catalysts were obtained and immobilized on the solid supports propyltrimethylammonium silica (SiN+); propyltrimethylammonium and propylimidazole silica [SiN+(IPG)] and chloropropylsilica (CPS) via elestrostatic interactions and covalent binding. Characterization of the supported catalysts by UV-Vis spectroscopy and EPR (Electron paramagnetic resonance) indicated the presence of a mixture of FeII and FeIII species in all of the three obtained catalysts. In the case of (Z)-cyclooctene epoxidation by PhIO the yields observed for cis-epoxycyclooctane were satisfactory for the reactions catalyzed by the three materials (ranging from 68% to 85%). Such results indicate that immobilization of metalloporphyrins onto solid supports via groups localized on the ortho positions of their mesophenyl rings can lead to efficient catalysts for epoxidation reactions. The catalyst 1-CPS is less active than 1-SiN and 1-SiN(IPG), this argues in favour of the immobilization of this metalloporphyrin onto solids via electrostatic interactions, which is easier to achieve and results in more active oxidation catalysts. Interestingly, the activity of the supported catalysts remained the same even after three successive recyclings; therefore, they are stable under the oxidizing conditions.

Recommendations for folate intake in women: implications for public health strategies

Folate deficiency has been associated with anemia and other adverse outcomes in pregnancy such as neural tube defects. The current recommendations for prevention of such outcomes are difficult to achieve through diet only, and folic acid supplementation and food fortification are feasible public health strategies. However, it is necessary to determine the usual diet and supplement use among women of reproductive age, including an accurate assessment of other dietary micronutrients. In addition to the beneficial effects observed in randomized clinical trials, health risks to the population have also been widely evaluated and discussed in the scientific community: for a minority to benefit from fortification programs, many are exposed to high folic acid intake levels.

Composição química do feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), cultivar BRS-Milênio

O feijão caupi é uma das principais culturas alimentares do Nordeste brasileiro. Para melhorar sua resistência contra pragas e produtividade, a nova cultivar (BRS-Milênio) foi obtida por melhoramento genético. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o potencial nutricional desta variedade, determinando-se a composição centesimal, o perfil de aminoácidos e ácidos graxos, o conteúdo de minerais e a atividade inibitória de tripsina. A semente contém (g.100 g-1): 24,5 de proteínas; 51,4 de carboidratos; 16,6 de fibra insolúvel e 2,7 de fibra solúvel; 2,6 de cinzas, tendo como principais minerais (mg.100 g-1): ferro - 6,8; zinco - 4,1; manganês - 1,5; fósforo - 510,0 e potássio - 1430,0. O teor de lipídios foi de 2,2%, e seu perfil de ácidos graxos apresenta 29,4% de saturados e 70,7% de insaturados. Foi estimado valor calórico de 323,4 kcal.100 g-1 de semente. Encontrou-se baixa atividade inibitória de tripsina (8,0 UIT.mg-1 de amostra). O perfil de aminoácidos foi favorável ao padrão de referência, exceto pela deficiência de sulfurados, sugerindo a necessidade da combinação desta leguminosa com outras fontes alimentares. Os resultados indicam que o feijão caupi possui atributos desejáveis como altos teores de energia, proteínas, fibras e minerais, baixa atividade inibitória de tripsina e, apesar de reduzido conteúdo lipídico, contém alta proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados.

Anemia em crianças de 6 a 59 meses e fatores associados no Município de Jordão, Estado do Acre, Brasil

Examinou-se a prevalência e fatores associados à anemia em estudo transversal com 429 crianças de 6 a 59 meses do Município de Jordão, Estado do Acre, Brasil. Modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson foram utilizados com seleção hierárquica das variáveis independentes. A anemia foi altamente prevalente (57,3%; IC95%: 52,5%-62,1%). Ter idade entre 6 e 23,9 meses [razão de prevalência - RP (IC95%): 1,40 (1,09-1,74)], morar na área rural [RP: 1,23 (1,04-1,44)], morar em domicílio com 5 a 14 crianças [RP: 1,23 (1,04-1,44)], ter mãe que fumou na gravidez [RP: 1,29 (1,09-1,53)], mãe anêmica [RP: 1,18 (1,00-1,39)] e apresentar déficit de altura para idade [RP: 1,19 (1,01-1,39)] foram fatores associados ao risco de anemia, e ter mãe que trabalha fora [RP: 0,78 (0,64-0,94)] foi fator de proteção. A anemia é um grave problema de saúde pública nesse município. Estratégias multissetoriais de combate à pobreza, aumento da cobertura e qualidade de serviços de assistência à saúde materno-infantil devem ser implementados.

Biodisponibilidade de ferro em diferentes compostos para leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade

Avaliou-se a biodisponibilidade de ferro de diferentes compostos visando sua utilização em dietas para leitões desmamados. Utilizaram-se 44 leitões (7 não-anêmicos e 37 anêmicos) desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (7,3 ± 1,8 kg) e distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo não-anêmico e grupo anêmico. Durante sete dias, os animais do grupo não-anêmico receberam dieta com FeSO4.7H2O (sulfato ferroso hepta-hidratado) na dose de 100 mg/kg e os do grupo anêmico, dieta sem ferro (<15 mg/kg ração). No sétimo dia, depois de determinada a concentração de hemoglobina sanguínea e diagnosticada a anemia, os leitões foram agrupados segundo o produto do peso (kg) × hemoglobina (g/dL) e alojados individualmente, durante 13 dias, em gaiolas para estudos de digestibilidade, onde foram alimentados com seis rações à base de milho e leite em pó: três rações-padrão com FeSO4.7H2O em quantidade equivalente a 80, 150 e 200 mg Fe/kg de ração; duas rações experimentais com ferro (150 mg/kg) na forma de FeSO4 microencapsulado com carboximetilcelulose ou de ferro quelado com metionina; e uma controle com ferro (100 mg/kg). O consumo de ração foi medido diariamente. Nos dias 0, 3, 6, 9 e 13 do período de repleção, os animais foram pesados para avaliação do desempenho e o sangue foi coletado para determinação da concentração de hemoglobina. Ao final do ensaio, os animais foram sacrificados e o fígado foi coletado para determinação das concentrações de ferro total, ferro heme e ferro não-heme. As concentrações hepáticas de ferro heme, ferro não-heme e ferro total não diferiram entre os animais, entretanto, os do grupo controle apresentaram excesso de ferro total no fígado, relacionado à dose de ferro injetada nos leitões após o desmame. Em comparação ao FeSO4.7H2O não encapsulado, os compostos de ferro microencapsulado com carboximetilcelulose e de ferro quelado com metionina promovem melhor conversão alimentar em leitões desmamados.

Iron concentrations in breast milk and selected maternal factors of human milk bank donors

FAPESP n. 03/04061-2

Relationships of blood lead to calcium, iron, and vitamin C intakes in Brazilian pregnant women

Background & aims. This study aimed to determine the relationship between blood lead concentrations and calcium, iron and vitamin C dietary intakes of pregnant women. Methods. Included in the study were 55 women admitted to a hospital, for delivery, from June to August 2002. A food frequency questionnaire was applied to determine calcium, iron and vitamin C intakes, and a general questionnaire to obtain data on demographic-socioeconomic condition, obstetric history, smoking habit, and alcohol intake. Blood lead and haemoglobin were determined, respectively, by atomic absorption spectrometry and by the haemoglobinometer HemoCue®. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between blood lead and calcium, iron and vitamin C intakes, and haemoglobin levels, controlling for confounders. Results. The final model of the regression analysis detected an inverse relationship between blood lead and age of the women (p=0.011), haemoglobin (p=0.001), vitamin C (p=0.012), and calcium intake (p<0.001) (R2=0.952). One hundred percent, 98.2% and 43.6% of the women were below the adequate intake (AI) for calcium, and below the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for iron, and vitamin C, respectively. Conclusion. Despite the small sample size, the results of this study suggest that maternal age, haemoglobin, vitamin C intake, and calcium intake may interfere with blood concentrations of lead

Influence of Annealing Heat Treatment and Cr, Mg, and Ti Alloying on the Mechanical Properties of High-Silicon Cast Iron

The influence of annealing on the mechanical properties of high-silicon cast iron for three alloys with distinct chromium levels was investigated. Each alloy was melted either with or without the addition of Ti and Mg. These changes in the chemical composition and heat treatment aimed to improve the material's mechanical properties by inhibiting the formation of large columnar crystals, netlike laminae, precipitation of coarse packs of graphite, changing the length and morphology of graphite, and rounding the extremities of the flakes to minimize the stress concentration. For alloys with 0.07 wt.% Cr, the annealing reduced the impact resistance and tensile strength due to an enhanced precipitation of refined carbides and the formation of interdendritic complex nets. Annealing the alloys containing Ti and Mg led to a decrease in the mechanical strength and an increase in the toughness. Alloys containing approximately 2 wt.% Cr achieved better mechanical properties as compared to the original alloy. However, with the addition of Ti and Mg to alloys containing 2% Cr, the chromium carbide formation was inhibited, impairing the mechanical properties. In the third alloy, with 3.5 wt.% of Cr additions, the mechanical strength improved. The annealing promoted a decrease in both hardness and amount of iron and silicon complex carbides. However, it led to a chromium carbide formation, which influenced the mechanical characteristics of the matrix of the studied material.

Effect of Alloying Elements on Thermal Diffusivity of Gray Cast Iron Used in Automotive Brake Disks

The purpose of this work was to experimentally investigate the thermal diffusivity of four different gray cast iron alloys, regularly used to produce brake disks for automotive vehicles. Thermal diffusivity measurements were performed at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 600 A degrees C. The influence of the thermal conductivity on the thermomechanical fatigue life is also briefly presented. The measurements were sensitive to the influence of the carbon equivalent and alloying elements, such as molybdenum, copper and chromium. Molybdenum, unlike copper, lowered the thermal diffusivity of the gray cast iron, and alloy E (without molybdenum), besides presenting a relatively low carbon equivalent content and an increase in the values of the thermal diffusivity, presented the best performance during the thermomechanical fatigue. The molybdenum present in alloys B and C did not fulfill the expectations of providing the best thermomechanical fatigue behavior. Consequently, its elimination in the gray cast iron alloy for this application will result in a significant economy.

Tool wear aspects when applying high-speed tapping on grey cast iron

Tool wear is a very important subject affecting the economics of machining, especially in tapping, since it is one of the last operations to be performed within most operation sequences. In the present study, some aspects of tapping such as the mechanisms and types of wear were investigated in taps working at conventional and high-speed cutting (HSC). Additionally, different types of coatings and cooling /lubrication conditions were used. The tapping operation (M8 x 1.25) was performed in through holes with two cutting speeds (30 and 60 m/min) in grey cast iron GG25. Lubrication conditions tested were dry and with minimal quantity of lubricant. Tap materials were manufactured by powder metallurgy and coated with (TiAl)N and with TiCN. A go-non-go gauge criterion was used to assess tool life. The wear and surface aspects of the tools and workpiece were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dissipation spectroscopy. Torque signals were also measured during the tests. The main wear mechanism observed was adhesion, although some abrasion and diffusion may also have occurred, and the main type of wear was flank wear. The adhesion of workpiece material on the tool was the main and decisive factor ending tool life. Tool coatings proved to be an efficient way to minimize adhesion. Torque signals followed the same pattern as the flank wear and no significant change was observed when the cutting speed was increased.

Bond Strength of Multicomponent White Cast Iron Coatings Applied by HVOF Thermal Spray Process

Multicomponent white cast iron is a new alloy that belongs to system Fe-C-Cr-W-Mo-V, and because of its excellent wear resistance it is used in the manufacture of hot rolling mills rolls. To date, this alloy has been processed by casting, powder metallurgy, and spray forming. The high-velocity oxyfuel process is now also considered for the manufacture of components with this alloy. The effects of substrate, preheating temperature, and coating thickness on bond strength of coatings have been determined. Substrates of AISI 1020 steel and of cast iron with preheating of 150 A degrees C and at room temperature were used to apply coatings with 200 and 400 mu m nominal thickness. The bond strength of coatings was measured with the pull-off test method and the failure mode by scanning electron microscopic analysis. Coatings with thickness of 200 mu m and applied on substrates of AISI 1020 steel with preheating presented bond strength of 87 +/- A 4 MPa.

Deficiência em micronutrientes em mudas de sangra d'agua (Croton urucurana, Baill.)

This study had the following objectives: to induce and describe symptoms of deficiency of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn), determining the effect on the mineral composition of leaves. The experiment was developed in a green house and used diagnosis technique by subtraction. The experimental design usedn was a randomized blocks, with seven treatments and three replicates. It was verified that micronutrient omission led to morphological alterations which, in turn, caused visual symptoms. The symptoms caused by the omission of Cu, Mn and Zn were the first to appear, and were followed by those of B, Fe and Mo. The omission of B, Mn and Zn was responsible for the more pronounced reduction in height and stem diameter.

Ferromagnetic resonance for the quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biological materials

The aim of the present work is the presentation of a quantification methodology for the control of the amount of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) administered in biological materials by means of the ferromagnetic resonance technique (FMR) applied to studies both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study consisted in the analysis of the elimination and biodistribution kinetics of SPIONs after intravenous administration in Wistar rats. The results were corroborated by X-ray fluorescence. For the in vitro study, a quantitative analysis of the concentration of SPIONs bound to the specific AC133 monoclonal antibodies was carried out in order to detect the expression of the antigenic epitopes (CD133) in stem cells from human umbilical cord blood. In both studies FMR has proven to be an efficient technique for the SPIONs quantification per volume unit (in vivo) or per labeled cell (in vitro).

Incidence and risk factors of aplastic anemia in Latin American countries: the LATIN case-control study

Background Associations between aplastic anemia and numerous drugs, pesticides and chemicals have been reported. However, at least 50% of the etiology of aplastic anemia remains unexplained. Design and Methods This was a case-control, multicenter, multinational study, designed to identify risk factors for agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. The cases were patients with diagnosis of aplastic anemia confirmed through biopsy or bone marrow aspiration, selected through an active search of clinical laboratories, hematology clinics and medical records. The controls did not have either aplastic anemia or chronic diseases. A total of 224 patients with aplastic anemia were included in the study, each case was paired with four controls, according to sex, age group, and hospital where the case was first seen. Information was collected on demographic data, medical history, laboratory tests, medications, and other potential risk factors prior to diagnosis. Results The incidence of aplastic anemia was 1.6 cases per million per year. Higher rates of benzene exposure (>= 30 exposures per year) were associated with a greater risk of aplastic anemia (odds ratio, OR: 4.2; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.82-9.82). Individuals exposed to chloramphenicol in the previous year had an adjusted OR for aplastic anemia of 8.7 (CI: 0.87-87.93) and those exposed to azithromycin had an adjusted OR of 11.02 (CI 1.14-108.02). Conclusions The incidence of aplastic anemia in Latin America countries is low. Although the research study centers had a high coverage of health services, the underreporting of cases of aplastic anemia in selected regions can be discussed. Frequent exposure to benzene-based products increases the risk for aplastic anemia. Few associations with specific drugs were found, and it is likely that some of these were due to chance alone.