Body trunk fat and insulin resistance in post-pubertal obese adolescents

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder commonly associated with excess body fat accumulation that may increase chronic disease risk. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between body composition and insulin resistance among obese adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, at the Adolescence Center, Pediatric Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intake was evaluated using a three-day dietary record. The biochemical evaluation comprised glucose, insulin, serum lipid, leptin and ghrelin measurements. Insulin resistance was calculated by means of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Forty-nine post-pubertal obese adolescents participated in the study: 12 boys and 37 girls of mean age 16.6 (1.4) years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 35.0 (3.9) kg/m². The mean glucose, insulin and HOMA values were 90.3 (6.4) mg/dl, 16.6 (8.1) µIU/ml and 3.7 (1.9), respectively. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance were observed in 40.2% and 57.1% of the subjects, respectively. Adolescents with insulin resistance had higher BMI and body trunk fat. There was a trend towards higher leptin concentration in obese individuals with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was positively correlated with body trunk fat, BMI, body fat mass (kg), leptin and body fat percentage. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between HOMA-IR and lean body mass. The body composition predicted 30% of the HOMA-IR levels, according to linear regression models. CONCLUSION: Body trunk fat was significantly associated with insulin resistance, demonstrating the clinical importance of abdominal obesity during adolescence.

Adolescentes modelos de passarela: como é o consumo alimentar deste grupo?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adequação da ingestão de energia, macro e micronutrientes em adolescentes modelos de passarela. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 33 adolescentes modelos e 33 não modelos, de 15 a 18 anos, pareadas por idade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). A ingestão alimentar foi avaliada por meio de registro alimentar de três dias, sendo calculados os valores médios de energia, em kcal, os valores proporcionais dos macronutrientes em relação ao valor calórico total da dieta consumida, bem como os valores médios/medianos dos seguintes micronutrientes: cálcio, ferro, zinco, fósforo, magnésio, folato, vitamina D, vitamina C, vitamina A e vitamina E. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que 24% das adolescentes do estudo apresentaram IMC abaixo dos valores mínimos para a idade. A média de ingestão de energia foi menor entre as modelos, em comparação às adolescentes não modelos (1.480,93±582,95 versus 1.973,00±557,63 kcal) (p<0,05). A ingestão de gorduras acima do recomendado foi semelhante entre os grupos - 30,3% das adolescentes modelos e 36,4% das adolescentes não modelos (p>0,05). O consumo inadequado de micronutrientes como o cálcio, ferro, zinco, magnésio, fósforo, vitaminas lipossolúveis, folato e ácido ascórbico ocorreu em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A baixa ingestão energética (kcal) entre as modelos e a ingestão insuficiente de minerais e vitaminas alertam para que as agências de modelos comprometam-se com a saúde dessas adolescentes, garantindo um acompanhamento médico e nutricional.

Fatores associados à qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos em assistência domiciliária

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se o comportamento da qualidade de vida (QV) de cuidadores de idosos em assistência domiciliária pode ser influenciado por características sociodemográficas, pela rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e por variáveis relacionadas ao ato de cuidar. Foram entrevistados 40 cuidadores de idosos de um Programa de Assistência Domiciliária da cidade de São Paulo. A QV foi mensurada utilizando-se a versão brasileira do Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Características sociodemográficas, as variáveis relacionadas à rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e ao ato de cuidar foram obtidas por meio de questionário complementar. A análise de regressão linear mostrou relação independente entre três domínios do SF-36 e o maior número de horas dedicadas ao cuidado: domínios capacidade funcional, aspecto físico e aspecto emocional. Possuir mais de oito anos de escolaridade implicou em melhor pontuação no domínio estado geral de saúde e pior pontuação no domínio aspecto social. Os cuidadores com mais de 60 anos de idade apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio aspecto físico e as mulheres pior pontuação no domínio dor. Os filhos ou cônjuges que prestam cuidado aos seus pais ou parceiros apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio aspecto emocional. Os cuidadores que modificaram sua rotina para prestar os cuidados apresentaram pior pontuação no domínio saúde mental. Tanto fatores sociodemográficos como a rede de suporte oferecida ao cuidador e os fatores relacionados à dinâmica do cuidado são capazes de influenciar negativamente a QV de cuidadores principais de idosos em atendimento domiciliário.

Achados clínico patológicos durante um surto de disenteria de inverno em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul

Descreve-se um surto de disenteria de inverno que afetou 10 vacas leiteiras de uma propriedade localizada em Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul. O quadro clínico caracterizou-se por uma diarréia inicialmente líquida esverdeada com estrias de sangue e muco, evoluindo, em alguns animais, para uma diarréia de coloração marrom escura à sanguinolenta, que persistiu, em média, cinco dias. Drástica diminuição na produção de leite e no consumo de alimentos, além de graus variados de depressão também foram observados. Apenas um dos 10 animais afetados morreu. Durante a necropsia, observaram-se mucosas pálidas, conteúdo sanguinolento com presença de grande quantidade de coágulos, principalmente no cólon espiral e petéquias na mucosa do cólon. Os principais achados histológicos foram encontradas no cólon espiral, onde havia criptas dilatadas, sem epitélio de revestimento ou revestidas por epitélio pavimentoso e/ou cuboidal, por vezes com núcleos grandes e nucléolos proeminentes. Algumas criptas eram preenchidas por debris necróticos e polimorfonucleares. Na imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo monoclonal para coronavírus bovino (8F2) em cortes do cólon espiral, havia marcações positivas no citoplasma de enterócitos das criptas, nos debris necróticos destas e em macrófagos na lâmina própria.

Condutas terapêuticas de atenção às famílias da população infantojuvenil atendida nos centros de atenção psicossocial infantojuvenis (CAPSI) do estado de São Paulo

Os Centros de Atenção Psicossociais Infantojuvenis (CAPSi) são elementos estratégicos da atenção pública em saúde mental ofertado para população infantojuvenil com sofrimento psíquico intenso e persistente. São articulados numa rede de atenção que extrapola o campo da saúde e interage com os recursos do território de determinada comunidade para promover inclusão social de crianças e adolescentes e conta para tanto também com a co-responsabilização das famílias, escolas e outros setores sociais. No rol de suas condutas terapêuticas há espaço reservado para o atendimento de familiares quando essa medida for necessária para aquela dirigida à clientela em foco. OBJETIVO: identificar condutas terapêuticas oferecidas às famílias de crianças e adolescentes atendidos nos CAPSi. MÉTODO: estudo transversal em crianças e adolescentes provenientes dos prontuários ativos, selecionados aleatoriamente, de 19 CAPSi do Estado de São Paulo no período de setembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. A análisedescritiva foi apresentada por meio de tabelas de número e porcentagem. RESULTADOS: a mãe se revelou a principal cuidadora dessa população fora dos serviços. Contudo, há de se destacar a importante ausência de registros de atendimento ou propostas realizadas às famílias. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: a principal conduta indicada para as famílias são os atendimentos grupais, as famílias têm sido pouco privilegiadas nas condutas terapêuticas dentro dos projetos terapêuticos da população atendida. As falhas de registro nos prontuários pesquisados podem ser uma limitação do estudo. As ações são preponderantemente institucionais e as ofertas extramuros são raríssimas

Prontuários, para que servem?: representação dos coordenadores de equipe dos capsi a respeito do valor e da utilidade dos prontuários

INTRODUÇÃO: o artigo procura compreender como os Coordenadores dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi) do Estado de São Paulo percebem o valor e a utilidade dos prontuários do usuários do serviço. Atualmente, os prontuários obedecem a claros princípios éticos. São muitas as pesquisas que se utilizam de prontuários e vários os estudos que se propõem a aperfeiçoá-los uma vez que são considerados ferramenta de primeira importância no âmbito da saúde. Cabe, entretanto, indagar se esses instrumentos são valorizados e se suas utilidades percebidas pelas equipes de saúde mental no exercício real de suas práticas. O trabalho descreve e analisa as percepções dos Coordenadores dos CAPSi-SP a respeito da utilidade dos prontuários para a equipe de saúde e para os usuários. MÉTODO: foi entrevistado um Coordenador de cada um dos 19 dos CAPSi do Estado de São Paulo. As respostas foram analisadas de acordo com os procedimentos clássicos da Análise de Conteúdo. RESULTADOS: os prontuários são percebidos como valiosos instrumentos de trabalho e sua importância destacada como instrumento de intervenção e de acompanhamento clínicos. Sua relevância é assinalada como dispositivo que possibilita a articulação e a comunicação dos membros das equipes técnicas dos CAPSi. Por outro lado, não é percebida qual a utilidade que eles teriam para o usuário. A contradição nos níveis de importância alocada à utilidade dos prontuários quando se trata da equipe técnica ou dos usuários enseja uma discussão aprofundada sobre a natureza da clínica em saúde mental praticada nos CAPSi

Perfil dos usuários de um centro de atenção psicossocial infantojuvenil da grande São Paulo, Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: os Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi) constituem ponta de lança das ações da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira e têm por finalidade o atendimento de crianças e adolescentes com transtornos psíquicos graves. O objetivo é caracterizar o perfil dos usuários de um CAPSi, considerando sexo, idade, hipótese diagnóstica, origem do encaminhamento, inserção escolar e motivo de consulta. MÉTODO: por meio de um protocolo, foram coletados dados da totalidade de prontuários ativos de uma unidade da Grande São Paulo - cento e três - no mês de janeiro de 2008. RESULTADOS: a maioria dos usuários atendidos está na faixa etária de cinco a quinze anos (68,9 por cento) e é do sexo masculino (61,2 por cento). O grupo de transtornos de comportamento e transtornos emocionais corresponde a 21,4 por cento, seguido pelos transtornos do desenvolvimento global (16,2 por cento) e retardo mental (10,5 por cento). A maioria dos usuários foi encaminhada pelo Conselho Tutelar (22,3 por cento) e tiveram como principal motivo da consulta queixas neuromotoras (17,5 por cento), escolares (15,5 por cento) e sociocomportamentais (14,6 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: o número elevado de crianças com problemas neuromotores pode indicar características específicas da instituição estudada que absorveu pacientes e profissionais de um antigo serviço de reabilitação. O grande número de questões relevantes não encontradas apontam para a falta de padronização dos prontuários

Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, within the Phylum Cnidaria

Background: Polypodium hydriforme is a parasite with an unusual life cycle and peculiar morphology, both of which have made its systematic position uncertain. Polypodium has traditionally been considered a cnidarian because it possesses nematocysts, the stinging structures characteristic of this phylum. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies using 18S rDNA sequence data have challenged this interpretation, and have shown that Polypodium is a close relative to myxozoans and together they share a closer affinity to bilaterians than cnidarians. Due to the variable rates of 18S rDNA sequences, these results have been suggested to be an artifact of long-branch attraction ( LBA). A recent study, using multiple protein coding markers, shows that the myxozoan Buddenbrockia, is nested within cnidarians. Polypodium was not included in this study. To further investigate the phylogenetic placement of Polypodium, we have performed phylogenetic analyses of metazoans with 18S and partial 28S rDNA sequences in a large dataset that includes Polypodium and a comprehensive sampling of cnidarian taxa. Results: Analyses of a combined dataset of 18S and partial 28S sequences, and partial 28S alone, support the placement of Polypodium within Cnidaria. Removal of the long-branched myxozoans from the 18S dataset also results in Polypodium being nested within Cnidaria. These results suggest that previous reports showing that Polypodium and Myxozoa form a sister group to Bilateria were an artifact of long-branch attraction. Conclusion: By including 28S rDNA sequences and a comprehensive sampling of cnidarian taxa, we demonstrate that previously conflicting hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic placement of Polypodium can be reconciled. Specifically, the data presented provide evidence that Polypodium is indeed a cnidarian and is either the sister taxon to Hydrozoa, or part of the hydrozoan clade, Leptothecata. The former hypothesis is consistent with the traditional view that Polypodium should be placed in its own cnidarian class, Polypodiozoa.

Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

Background: With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. Results: In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. Conclusion: A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.

Relationship of autonomic imbalance and circadian disruption with obesity and type 2 diabetes in resistant hypertensive patients

Background: Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are not isolated findings, but a series of interacting interactive physiologic derangements. Taking into account genetic background and lifestyle behavior, AI (autonomic imbalance) could be a common root for RHTN (resistant hypertension) or RHTN plus type 2 diabetes (T2D) comorbidity development. Moreover, circadian disruption can lead to metabolic and vasomotor impairments such as obesity, insulin resistance and resistant hypertension. In order to better understand the triggered emergence of obesity and T2D comorbidity in resistant hypertension, we investigated the pattern of autonomic activity in the circadian rhythm in RHTN with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its relationship with serum adiponectin concentration. Methods: Twenty five RHTN patients (15 non-T2D and 10 T2D, 15 males, 10 females; age range 34 to 70 years) were evaluated using the following parameters: BMI (body mass index), biochemical analysis, serum adiponectinemia, echocardiogram and ambulatory electrocardiograph heart rate variability (HRV) in time and frequency domains stratified into three periods: 24 hour, day time and night time. Results: Both groups demonstrated similar characteristics despite of the laboratory analysis concerning T2D like fasting glucose, HbA1c levels and hypertriglyceridemia. Both groups also revealed disruption of the circadian rhythm: inverted sympathetic and parasympathetic tones during day (parasympathetic > sympathetic tone) and night periods (sympathetic > parasympathetic tone). T2D group had increased BMI and serum triglyceride levels (mean 33.7 +/- 4.0 vs 26.6 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2) - p = 0.00; 254.8 +/- 226.4 vs 108.6 +/- 48.7 mg/dL - p = 0.04), lower levels of adiponectin (6729.7 +/- 3381.5 vs 10911.5 +/- 5554.0 ng/mL - p = 0.04) and greater autonomic imbalance evaluated by HRV parameters in time domain compared to non-T2D RHTN patients. Total patients had HRV correlated positively with serum adiponectin (r = 0.37 [95% CI - 0.04 - 1.00] p = 0.03), negatively with HbA1c levels (r = -0.58 [95% CI -1.00 - -0.3] p = 0.00) and also adiponectin correlated negatively with HbA1c levels (r = -0.40 [95% CI -1.00 - -0.07] p = 0.02). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes comorbidity is associated with greater autonomic imbalance, lower adiponectin levels and greater BMI in RHTN patients. Similar circadian disruption was also found in both groups indicating the importance of lifestyle behavior in the genesis of RHTN.

Blood Meal-Derived Heme Decreases ROS Levels in the Midgut of Aedes aegypti and Allows Proliferation of Intestinal Microbiota

The presence of bacteria in the midgut of mosquitoes antagonizes infectious agents, such as Dengue and Plasmodium, acting as a negative factor in the vectorial competence of the mosquito. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of midgut microbiota could help in the development of new tools to reduce transmission. We hypothesized that toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by epithelial cells control bacterial growth in the midgut of Aedes aegypti, the vector of Yellow fever and Dengue viruses. We show that ROS are continuously present in the midgut of sugar-fed (SF) mosquitoes and a blood-meal immediately decreased ROS through a mechanism involving heme-mediated activation of PKC. This event occurred in parallel with an expansion of gut bacteria. Treatment of sugar-fed mosquitoes with increased concentrations of heme led to a dose dependent decrease in ROS levels and a consequent increase in midgut endogenous bacteria. In addition, gene silencing of dual oxidase (Duox) reduced ROS levels and also increased gut flora. Using a model of bacterial oral infection in the gut, we show that the absence of ROS resulted in decreased mosquito resistance to infection, increased midgut epithelial damage, transcriptional modulation of immune-related genes and mortality. As heme is a pro-oxidant molecule released in large amounts upon hemoglobin degradation, oxidative killing of bacteria in the gut would represent a burden to the insect, thereby creating an extra oxidative challenge to the mosquito. We propose that a controlled decrease in ROS levels in the midgut of Aedes aegypti is an adaptation to compensate for the ingestion of heme.

Immunological Basis for the Gender Differences in Murine Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection

This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms involved in the gender distinct incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America, which is at least 10 times more frequent in men than in women. Then, we compared the immune response of male and female mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, as well as the influence in the gender differences exerted by paracoccin, a P. brasiliensis component with carbohydrate recognition property. High production of Th1 cytokines and T-bet expression have been detected in the paracoccin stimulated cultures of spleen cells from infected female mice. In contrast, in similar experimental conditions, cells from infected males produced higher levels of the Th2 cytokines and expressed GATA-3. Macrophages from male and female mice when stimulated with paracoccin displayed similar phagocytic capability, while fungicidal activity was two times more efficiently performed by macrophages from female mice, a fact that was associated with 50% higher levels of nitric oxide production. In order to evaluate the role of sexual hormones in the observed gender distinction, we have utilized mice that have been submitted to gonadectomy followed by inverse hormonal reconstitution. Spleen cells derived from castrated males reconstituted with estradiol have produced higher levels of IFN-gamma (1291+/-15 pg/mL) and lower levels of IL-10 (494+/-38 pg/mL), than normal male in response to paracoccin stimulus. In contrast, spleen cells from castrated female mice that had been treated with testosterone produced more IL-10 (1284+/-36 pg/mL) and less IFN-gamma (587614 pg/mL) than cells from normal female. In conclusion, our results reveal that the sexual hormones had a profound effect on the biology of immune cells, and estradiol favours protective responses to P. brasiliensis infection. In addition, fungal components, such as paracoccin, may provide additional support to the gender dimorphic immunity that marks P. brasiliensis infection.

Vascular relaxation of canine visceral arteries after ischemia by means of supraceliac aortic cross-clamping followed by reperfusion

Background: The supraceliac aortic cross-clamping can be an option to save patients with hipovolemic shock due to abdominal trauma. However, this maneuver is associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury strongly related to oxidative stress and reduction of nitric oxide bioavailability. Moreover, several studies demonstrated impairment in relaxation after I/R, but the time course of I/R necessary to induce vascular dysfunction is still controversial. We investigated whether 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion do not change the relaxation of visceral arteries nor the plasma and renal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx). Methods: Male mongrel dogs (n = 27) were randomly allocated in one of the three groups: sham (no clamping, n = 9), ischemia (supraceliac aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes, n = 9), and I/R (60 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion for 30 minutes, n = 9). Relaxation of visceral arteries (celiac trunk, renal and superior mesenteric arteries) was studied in organ chambers. MDA and NOx concentrations were determined using a commercially available kit and an ozone-based chemiluminescence assay, respectively. Results: Both acetylcholine and calcium ionophore caused relaxation in endothelium-intact rings and no statistical differences were observed among the three groups. Sodium nitroprusside promoted relaxation in endothelium-denuded rings, and there were no inter-group statistical differences. Both plasma and renal concentrations of MDA and NOx showed no significant difference among the groups. Conclusion: Supraceliac aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes alone and followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion did not impair relaxation of canine visceral arteries nor evoke biochemical alterations in plasma or renal tissue.

Low-Level Laser Intensity Application in Masseter Muscle for Treatment Purposes

Objective: This study evaluated with histochemical analysis how the number of laser applications can affect the masseter muscle. Background: In dentistry today, the laser is used in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), mainly for radiating pain in the masticatory muscles, whose origins may be associated with malocclusion, although the laser effects are not well understood on the cellular level. Materials and Methods: Thirty mice (HRS/J lineage) were randomly distributed into groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six, and 10). For each group of laser applications (experimental, n = 5), it was considered the control group (n = 5), which was not irradiated. All animals inhaled halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane, minimum 99%, Sigma Aldrich, India) before each laser irradiation performed on the left masseter muscle region, on alternate days with 20 J/cm(2), 40mW, for 20 sec. The muscle samples were collected for histochemical analysis with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme 72 h after the last application. Results: (a) A decrease in area of light fibers type (35.91% +/- 6.9%; 32.08% +/- 6.3%, and 27.88% +/- 6.3%), according to the increase of laser applications (p < 0.05); (b) significant increase (p < 0.05) in the area of intermediate fibers, with an increase of laser application (11.08% +/- 3.9%; 16.52% +/- 5.7%, and 15.96% +/- 3.9%), although the increase with 10 applications was small; (c) area increase of dark fibers in the group with three laser applications (0.16% +/- 0.3%) (p < 0.05), and in groups with six and 10 laser applications, respectively (9.68% +/- 6.0% and 9.60% +/- 4.0%). Conclusions: The SDH enzyme activity revealed that the number of laser applications increases the metabolic pattern of the muscle fibers. A minimal difference in metabolic activity between six and 10 applications of a laser suggests that further analyses should be done to confirm that six applications are enough to produce the same clinical effects, thereby contributing data to professionals from different fields in regard to the cost-benefit ratio of this therapy.

Sequential analysis of global gene expression profiles in immature and in vitro matured bovine oocytes: potential molecular markers of oocyte maturation

Background: Without intensive selection, the majority of bovine oocytes submitted to in vitro embryo production (IVP) fail to develop to the blastocyst stage. This is attributed partly to their maturation status and competences. Using the Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Array, global mRNA expression analysis of immature (GV) and in vitro matured (IVM) bovine oocytes was carried out to characterize the transcriptome of bovine oocytes and then use a variety of approaches to determine whether the observed transcriptional changes during IVM was real or an artifact of the techniques used during analysis. Results: 8489 transcripts were detected across the two oocyte groups, of which similar to 25.0% (2117 transcripts) were differentially expressed (p < 0.001); corresponding to 589 over-expressed and 1528 under-expressed transcripts in the IVM oocytes compared to their immature counterparts. Over expression of transcripts by IVM oocytes is particularly interesting, therefore, a variety of approaches were employed to determine whether the observed transcriptional changes during IVM were real or an artifact of the techniques used during analysis, including the analysis of transcript abundance in oocytes in vitro matured in the presence of a-amanitin. Subsets of the differentially expressed genes were also validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and the gene expression data was classified according to gene ontology and pathway enrichment. Numerous cell cycle linked (CDC2, CDK5, CDK8, HSPA2, MAPK14, TXNL4B), molecular transport (STX5, STX17, SEC22A, SEC22B), and differentiation (NACA) related genes were found to be among the several over-expressed transcripts in GV oocytes compared to the matured counterparts, while ANXA1, PLAU, STC1and LUM were among the over-expressed genes after oocyte maturation. Conclusion: Using sequential experiments, we have shown and confirmed transcriptional changes during oocyte maturation. This dataset provides a unique reference resource for studies concerned with the molecular mechanisms controlling oocyte meiotic maturation in cattle, addresses the existing conflicting issue of transcription during meiotic maturation and contributes to the global goal of improving assisted reproductive technology.