Genetic Modification of Disease Resistance: Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens

Development of recombinant DNA technology allowed scientists to manipulate plant genomes, making it possible to study genes and exploit them to modify novel agronomic traits. Here, we review the current and future potential of genetic modification (GM) strategies used to increase the resistance of plants to oomycete and fungal pathogens. Numerous resistance genes (R-genes) have been cloned, and under laboratory conditions, transgenic plants have given promising results against some important plant pathogens. However, only a few have so far been deployed as commercial crop plants.GMof plants to disrupt pathogenicity, such as by inhibiting or degrading pathogenicity factors, especially by necrotrophic pathogens, has also been exploited. The potential to engineer plants for the production of antimicrobial peptides or to modify defense-signaling pathways have been successfully demonstrated under laboratory conditions. The most promising current technology is genome editing, which allows researchers to edit DNA sequences directly in their endogenous environment. The potential of this approach is discussed in detail and examples where broad-spectrum resistance has been achieved are given.

Are Premorbid Abnormal Personality Traits Associated with Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia?

Objective: The study aims to investigate associations between behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and abnormal premorbid personality traits. Methods: Data were obtained from 217 patients with a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of late-onset dementia were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Premorbid personality traits were assessed using the Standardised Assessment of Personality. Abnormal premorbid personality traits were categorised with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems—10 diagnostic criteria for personality disorders. Results: Abnormal premorbid personality traits were associated with increased behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia. Cluster A (solitary/paranoid) premorbid personality traits were associated with anxiety, depression and hallucinations. Cluster C (anxious/dependent) traits were associated with a syndrome of depression. Conclusions: The presence of Clusters A (solitary/paranoid) and C (anxious/dependent) abnormal premorbid personality traits seems to affect the expression of certain behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia, depression in particular. Copyright # 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd