A Taxonomy for Developing Cultural Competence

This paper proposes a taxonomy to develop culturally competent practitioners. Arguments about what this might mean and how this could be achieved are discussed first, identifying problems with multicultural and antiracist approaches. The model follows the cognitive, emotional and behavioural levels of Steinaker and Bell's experiential taxonomy. Five elements are proposed: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural understanding, cultural sensitivity and cultural competence. These could address, in increasingly sophisticated and increasingly praxis-oriented ways, issues of power and the construction of meanings and identities which go beyond essentialist notions of ethnicity.

What Attitude Changes Are Needed to Cause SMEs to Take a Strategic Approach to Information Security?

Spending on security in an SME usually has to compete with demands for hardware, infrastructure, and strategic applications. In this paper, the authors seek to explore the reasons why smaller SMEs in particular have consistently failed to see securing information as strategic year-on-year spending, and just regard as part of an overall tight IT budget. The authors scrutinise the typical SMEs reasoning for choosing to see non-spending on security as an acceptable strategic risk. They look particularly at possible reasons why SMEs tend not to take much notice of "scare stories" in the media based on research showing they are increasingly at risk, whilst larger businesses are taking greater precautions and become more difficult to penetrate. The results and their analysis provide useful pointers towards broader business environment changes that would cause SMEs to be more risk-averse and ethical in their approach to securing their own and their clients’ information.