A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace

Objectives: To design and validate a questionnaire to measure visual symptoms related to exposure to computers in the workplace. Study Design and Setting: Our computer vision syndrome questionnaire (CVS-Q) was based on a literature review and validated through discussion with experts and performance of a pretest, pilot test, and retest. Content validity was evaluated by occupational health, optometry, and ophthalmology experts. Rasch analysis was used in the psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. Criterion validity was determined by calculating the sensitivity and specificity, receiver operator characteristic curve, and cutoff point. Testeretest repeatability was tested using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and concordance by Cohen’s kappa (k). Results: The CVS-Q was developed with wide consensus among experts and was well accepted by the target group. It assesses the frequency and intensity of 16 symptoms using a single rating scale (symptom severity) that fits the Rasch rating scale model well. The questionnaire has sensitivity and specificity over 70% and achieved good testeretest repeatability both for the scores obtained [ICC 5 0.802; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.673, 0.884] and CVS classification (k 5 0.612; 95% CI: 0.384, 0.839). Conclusion: The CVS-Q has acceptable psychometric properties, making it a valid and reliable tool to control the visual health of computer workers, and can potentially be used in clinical trials and outcome research.

Reductive Removal of the Pivaloyl Protecting Group from Tetrazoles by a Naphthalene-Catalyzed Lithiation Process

The reaction of various 1-pivaloyl-1H-tetrazoles with excess lithium and a catalytic amount of naphthalene (20 mol%) led, after treatment with methanol, to the corresponding free tetrazoles through reductive C–N bond cleavage. This methodology represents a reasonable alternative to other nonreductive protocols.

Caza y espacios naturales protegidos en Extremadura

La superficie protegida ha crecido, en poco más de un siglo, de forma muy rápida, logrando alcanzar cifras significativas que, no obstante, pueden oscilar de forma muy notable entre unos países y otros. Este interés por proteger los espacios naturales responde, en el contexto actual, a la consecución de una amplia serie de fines de carácter científico, educativo, recreativo y socioeconómico. Como consecuencia de ello, ha surgido un nuevo escenario en el que determinados aprovechamientos tradicionales se están viendo afectados. La caza es, sin duda, uno de los mejores ejemplos de actividad tradicional que se está viendo perjudicada por este proceso. Con estos antecedentes, en el presente trabajo se analiza con carácter general la situación de los espacios naturales protegidos en Extremadura en relación con la actividad cinegética. Este análisis se lleva a cabo teniendo en cuenta que un tercio de la superficie regional está protegida por algunas de las figuras existentes y que, además, estos espacios se distribuyen por áreas en las que la caza ha sido un aprovechamiento tradicional que ha contribuido a mantener los espacios en mejor estado de conservación.