A public-professional web-bridge for vaccines and vaccination: User concerns about vaccine safety

Vacunas.org (http://www.vacunas.org), a website founded by the Spanish Association of Vaccinology offers a personalized service called Ask the Expert, which answers any questions posed by the public or health professionals about vaccines and vaccination. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors associated with questions on vaccination safety and determine the characteristics of questioners and the type of question asked during the period 2008–2010. A total of 1341 questions were finally included in the analysis. Of those, 30% were related to vaccine safety. Questions about pregnant women had 5.01 higher odds of asking about safety (95% CI 2.82–8.93) than people not belonging to any risk group. Older questioners (>50 years) were less likely to ask about vaccine safety compared to younger questioners (OR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.25–0.76). Questions made after vaccination or related to influenza (including H1N1) or travel vaccines were also associated with a higher likelihood of asking about vaccine safety. These results identify risk groups (pregnant women), population groups (older people) and some vaccines (travel and influenza vaccines, including H1N1) where greater efforts to provide improved, more-tailored vaccine information in general and on the Internet are required.

Controversias sobre vacunas en España, una oportunidad para la vacunología social

Durante los últimos meses, las noticias sobre vacunas en los medios de comunicación han tenido una significativa visibilidad en España. Distintas vacunas han acaparado titulares con trasfondo polémico. Se ha debatido sobre la baja adherencia a la vacuna antigripal o sobre la conveniencia de incluir las vacunas contra el neumococo y la varicela en el calendario infantil. Asimismo, el caso de difteria en Olot ha señalado a las minorías que rechazan la vacunación y reabierto la discusión sobre la obligatoriedad frente a la recomendación. Este controvertido panorama ha desbordado el espacio de los/las expertos/as y se ha trasladado al espacio público, amplificado por el activismo de las redes sociales. El resultado de esta difusión ha mostrado contradicciones entre expertos/as, desconcierto en la población y una aparente merma de crédito de las vacunas, que parecen afectadas por una crisis de confianza. El debate puede analizarse considerando la percepción general sobre las ventajas y la efectividad de las vacunas, las preocupaciones sobre su seguridad y, finalmente, los enfoques emitidos por sus diferentes actores.

NOx storage and reduction over copper-based catalysts. Part 2: Ce0.8M0.2Oδ supports (M = Zr, La, Ce, Pr or Nd)

5% copper catalysts with Ce0.8M0.2Oδ supports (M = Zr, La, Ce, Pr or Nd) have been studied by rapid-scan operando DRIFTS for NOx Storage and Reduction (NSR) with high frequency (30 s) CO, H2 and 50%CO + 50%H2 micropulses. In the absence of reductant pulses, below 200–250 °C NOx was stored on the catalysts as nitrite and nitro groups, and above this temperature nitrates were the main species identified. The thermal stability of the NOx species stored on the catalysts depended on the acid/basic character of the dopant (M more acidic = NOx stored less stable ⇒ Zr4+ < none < Nd3+ < Pr3+ < La3+ ⇐ M more basic = NOx stored more stable). Catalysts regeneration was more efficient with H2 than with CO, and the CO + H2 mixture presented an intermediate behavior, but with smaller differences among the series of catalyst than observed using CO alone. N2 is the main NOx reduction product upon H2 regeneration. The highest NOx removal in NSR experiments performed at 400 °C with CO + H2 pulses was achieved with the catalyst with the most basic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8La0.2Oδ) while the poorest performing catalyst was that with the most acidic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8Zr0.2Oδ). The poor performance of CuO/Ce0.8Zr0.2Oδ in NSR experiments with CO pulses was attributed to its lower oxidation capacity compared to the other catalysts.