Characterization of goniochromism: current status and pending challenges

Clase invitada impartida en marzo 2011 en la asignatura "Colour on industry" del máster Erasmus Mundus "Color in Informaticas and Media Technology" en la Universidad de Granada.

Las clases medias en Europa: status y poder en el siglo XXI

European societies are undergoing deep changes as a result of globalization and the international financial crisis that began in 2007. These changes affect the class structure to the extent that these societies suffer an impact on the occupational structure and consume pattern. From the data of Eurobarometer we studied the state of social mobility in the European Union. Comparing the subjective status between 2009 and 2012, we observed divergent movements in European societies. Some societies experimented upward mobility while others just the opposite. We conclude that exists an increasing gap between European societies. To consider the effects of these changes on the status structures a structural model has been tested, exploring the relationship between social class, status and power in European societies. We conclude a statistically significant effect of social class and status on the consciousness perceived to possess more or less power. Two dimensions measure power: “political alienation” and “economic alienation”.

La desigualdad política ante la crisis del Estado social

El texto parte de la fuerte conexión entre Estado social fuerte y las políticas públicas activas de distribución y equilibrio de la riqueza. Desde esta premisa se describen algunos escenarios en los que las desigualdades estructurales impiden el desarrollo de políticas públicas activas. De manera específica se alude a determinados datos relativos a America Latina. Estos datos se presentan como contrapunto al contexto europeo. Por último, se incide en el papel de las clases medias como destinatarias de las nuevas políticas públicas necesarias para dar un nuevo sentido al estado social del siglo XXI.

Social and immigration factors in intimate partner violence among Ecuadorians, Moroccans and Romanians living in Spain

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women occurs in all countries, all cultures and at every level of society; however, some populations may be at greater risk than others. The aim of this study was to explore IPV prevalence among Ecuadorian, Moroccan and Romanian immigrant women living in Spain and its possible association with their personal, family, social support and immigration status characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1607 adult immigrant women residing in Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia (2011). Prevalence rates and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were calculated, with current IPV being the outcome. Different women’s personal (demographic), family, social support and immigration status characteristics were considered as explicative and control variables. All analyses were separated by women’s country of origin. Results: Current IPV prevalence was 15.57% in Ecuadorians, 10.91% in Moroccans and 8.58% in Romanians. Some common IPV factors were found, such as being separated and/or divorced. In Romanians, IPV was also associated with lack of social support [AOR 5.96 (1.39–25.62)] and low religious involvement [AOR 2.17 (1.06–4.43)]. The likelihood of current IPV was lower among women without children or other dependants in this subgroup [AOR 0.29 (0.093–0.92)]. Conclusion: The IPV prevalence rates obtained for Moroccan, Romanian and Ecuadorian women residing in Spain were similar. Whereas the likelihood of IPV appeared to be relatively evenly distributed among Moroccan and Ecuadorian women, it was higher among Romanian women in socially vulnerable situations related to family responsibilities and the lack of support networks. The importance of intervention in the process of separation and divorce was common to all women.

The Social effects of the Economic Crisis: an Unequal Effect on Social Inequalities in the European Union

Paper submitted to IRSES II Symposium, Kokaeli, Turkey, June 16-20, 2014.

Social determinants of sexual satisfaction in Spain considered from the gender perspective

Aims: To describe gender- and social class-related inequalities in sexual satisfaction and analyze their relationship with self-perceived health status. Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study included 7384 sexually active people aged 16 years and over residing in Spain in 2009 (3951 men and 3433 women). The explanatory variables were gender, age, social class, share in performing domestic tasks, spend time looking after oneself, collaborate economically in supporting the family, caring for children, self-perceived health status, and the desire to increase or decrease frequency of having sexual relations. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted. Results: Among women, sexual satisfaction declines progressively after age 45. Sexual satisfaction is 1.7 times higher among women who look after themselves and who feel good compared with those who do not. The odds of wanting to increase sex is 3.3 times higher for women who are satisfied compared with women who desire a lower frequency of sexual intercourses; and good perceived health was associated with sexual satisfaction. In satisfied men, the corresponding odds is 1.9 times that of men desiring to reduce their frequency of sex. Conclusions: Gender and social class inequalities are found in sexual satisfaction. This is associated with perceived health status, adding evidence in support of the World Health Organization definition of sexual health.

Los procesos de exclusión social y la salud del pueblo gitano en España

El pueblo romaní o gitano constituye la principal minoría étnica en España. Presente en el país desde hace más de 500 años, las estimaciones disponibles señalan que su población oscila entre 700.000 y 970.000 personas, lo cual supone entre el 1,5% y el 2,1% de la población total. Según diferentes informes publicados sobre sus condiciones de vida, el pueblo gitano sufre mayores niveles de exclusión social que el resto de la población.

Current status of research on school refusal

School refusal behavior refers to the avoidance of a child attending school and/or persistent difficulty staying in the classroom throughout the school day. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the aim of this study is to describe the current state of research on school refusal, differentiating between the findings and progress made in Spain from those achieved in the international field. For this purpose, the significance of this phenomenon, in addition to associated risk factors and variables, will be reviewed in the child and youth population. In turn, the commonly used assessment methods and most recommended treatment proposals, mainly based on cognitive behavioral therapy, are discussed. The results reveal several gaps and subjects for debate in some areas of knowledge about school refusal behavior, with differences being found between Spanish and international studies. In conclusion, future studies and challenges in this field are required.

La crisis de la Europa social: límites y restricciones a la libre circulación de personas en la Unión Europea

El derecho a la libre circulación y residencia han sido la clave de bóveda del proceso de integración europea, primero en la consecución del mercado interior y, desde su inclusión en el estatuto de ciudadanía europea, para el reconocimiento de un status jurídico común a todos los nacionales de los Estados miembros. Originariamente, las libertades comunitarias se concibieron sólo para los que ejercieran una actividad profesional, asalariada o no, en el territorio de la Comunidad. Esta postura se fue flexibilizando, ampliándose la libertad de circulación a ciudadanos que no ejercían actividades profesionales en el territorio de otro Estado miembro (estudiantes, jubilados, residentes y ciertos familiares). El desarrollo del proceso de integración europea, junto con la adopción de diversos actos jurídicos de Derecho derivado y la labor del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE), ha favorecido una ampliación progresiva del ámbito personal de titularidad del derecho. La libre circulación de personas es una de las libertades básicas del mercado interior, cuyo contenido esencial implica un espacio sin fronteras interiores en el que esta libertad será garantizada conforme a las disposiciones del Tratado. Posteriormente, con la adaptación de la Directiva 2004/38/CE en los ordenamientos jurídicos de los Estados miembros, se pretendía potenciar la movilidad intracomunitaria y transformar el mercado único en un espacio de libertad de circulación, residencia y trabajo por cuenta propia y ajena para los nacionales de los Estados miembros. Sin embargo, tal y como se pone de manifiesto en el presente trabajo, este derecho no es absoluto, puesto que la Directiva lo somete a condición. De este modo, el beneficiario debe ser económicamente activo en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones o debe disponer de los recursos económicos necesarios para no convertirse en una carga excesiva para el Estado de acogida. Resulta evidente que el contexto de la crisis económica, unido al incremento de la movilidad ha motivado las tendencias restrictivas del derecho de libre circulación y residencia de los ciudadanos de la Unión Europea en el territorio de los Estados miembros.