Los ensayos de Joaquín de Villalba (1752-1807) sobre la vacuna de la viruela en la Escuela de Veterinaria de Madrid

La rápida propagación del método empírico para combatir la viruela dado a conocer por Edward Jenner conllevó algunas dificultades. A la necesidad de obtener la máxima aceptación posible entre la población, se añadió la de ejecutar con rigor la técnica así como la de producir, transportar y conservar el fluido vacunal con garantías de calidad. Abastecerse de vacuna era una preocupación solventada en parte gracias a los envíos realizados desde instituciones radicadas en Londres o París. Tras su recepción se iniciaban cadenas de vacunaciones mediante la técnica del brazo a brazo. El temor a la extinción del fluido vacunal, no obstante, despertó el interés por la producción autóctona. Era necesario encontrar vacas afectadas por viruela vacuna o en su defecto aprender a conservar la materia vacunal en las propias vacas u otros animales. Varias iniciativas exploraron esta posibilidad. El fondo documental de la Biblioteca Nacional de España conserva un texto que refleja 2 de estos ensayos realizados en la Real Escuela Veterinaria de Madrid a cargo del médico Joaquín de Villalba y el albéitar Antonio Roura en 1802 y 1803. La tentativa no obtuvo el éxito deseado.

Evaluation of the potential of InSAR time series to study the spatio-temporal evolution of piezometric levels in the Madrid aquifer

The Tertiary detritic aquifer of Madrid (TDAM), with an average thickness of 1500 m and a heterogeneous, anisotropic structure, supplies water to Madrid, the most populated city of Spain (3.2 million inhabitants in the metropolitan area). Besides its complex structure, a previous work focused in the north-northwest of Madrid city showed that the aquifer behaves quasi elastically trough extraction/recovery cycles and ground uplifting during recovery periods compensates most of the ground subsidence measured during previous extraction periods (Ezquerro et al., 2014). Therefore, the relationship between ground deformation and groundwater level through time can be simulated using simple elastic models. In this work, we model the temporal evolution of the piezometric level in 19 wells of the TDAM in the period 1997–2010. Using InSAR and piezometric time series spanning the studied period, we first estimate the elastic storage coefficient (Ske) for every well. Both, the Ske of each well and the average Ske of all wells, are used to predict hydraulic heads at the different well locations during the study period and compared against the measured hydraulic heads, leading to very similar errors when using the Ske of each well and the average Ske of all wells: 14 and 16 % on average respectively. This result suggests that an average Ske can be used to estimate piezometric level variations in all the points where ground deformation has been measured by InSAR, thus allowing production of piezometric level maps for the different extraction/recovery cycles in the TDAM.