El viaje de la vacuna contra la viruela: una expedición, dos océanos, tres continentes y miles de niños

España fomentó durante el periodo de la ilustración borbónica la formación de expediciones científicas, entre las que se encuentra la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna (REFV), un ejemplo de biopolítica aplicado por el Estado para proteger la salud. La expedición dio la vuelta al mundo utilizando niños como reservorio para transportar el fluido vacuno. Francisco Xavier Balmis estableció una cadena humana brazo a brazo que materializó el éxito de la misión. En este artículo se analizan las características y avatares por las que pasaron los niños que contribuyeron a la propagación de la vacuna antivariólica.

Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate using particulate Sn electrodes: Effect of metal loading and particle size

The development of electrochemical processes for the conversion of CO2 into value-added products allows innovative carbon capture & utilization (CCU) instead of carbon capture & storage (CCS). In addition, coupling this conversion with renewable energy sources would make it possible to chemically store electricity from these intermittent renewable sources. The electroreduction of CO2 to formate in aqueous solution has been performed using Sn particles deposited over a carbon support. The effect of the particle size and Sn metal loading has been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The selected electrode has been tested on an experimental filter-press type cell system for continuous and single pass CO2 electroreduction to obtain formate as main product at ambient pressure and temperature. Experimental results show that using electrodes with 0.75 mg Sn cm−2, 150 nm Sn particles, and working at a current density of 90 mA cm−2, it is possible to achieve rates of formate production over 3.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and faradaic efficiencies around 70% for 90 min of continuous operation. These experimental conditions allow formate concentrations of about 1.5 g L−1 to be obtained on a continuous mode and with a single pass of catholyte through the cell.