El nexo entre urbanización y turismo: análisis de la opinión pública

Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento del contexto de opinión en el que tiene lugar el proceso de modernización turístico-residencial. Los resultados se basan en una encuesta a una muestra de 430 personas residentes en tres municipios del sur de la provincia de Alicante, en los que el proceso de modernización turística vinculado al crecimiento de la oferta residencial de viviendas destinadas a un uso no principal —típico de las regiones mediterráneas españolas— se ha mostrado con especial intensidad. El análisis de los datos confirma la existencia de un contexto general de legitimación que contrasta con los diagnósticos críticos realizados por la mayoría de los investigadores que han estudiado el proceso. Ello parece indicar un contexto de opinión pública en el que los principios que garantizan el equilibrio del sistema no se cuestionan. En cambio, la discusión se centra en debatir la intensidad con la que deben aplicarse las recetas conocidas.

A hydrological–economic model for sustainable groundwater use in sparse-data drylands: Application to the Amtoudi Oasis in southern Morocco, northern Sahara

A hydrological–economic model is introduced to describe the dynamics of groundwater-dependent economics (agriculture and tourism) for sustainable use in sparse-data drylands. The Amtoudi Oasis, a remote area in southern Morocco, in the northern Sahara attractive for tourism and with evidence of groundwater degradation, was chosen to show the model operation. Governing system variables were identified and put into action through System Dynamics (SD) modeling causal diagrams to program basic formulations into a model having two modules coupled by the nexus ‘pumping’: (1) the hydrological module represents the net groundwater balance (G) dynamics; and (2) the economic module reproduces the variation in the consumers of water, both the population and tourists. The model was operated under similar influx of tourists and different scenarios of water availability, such as the wet 2009–2010 and the average 2010–2011 hydrological years. The rise in international tourism is identified as the main driving force reducing emigration and introducing new social habits in the population, in particular concerning water consumption. Urban water allotment (PU) was doubled for less than a 100-inhabitant net increase in recent decades. The water allocation for agriculture (PI), the largest consumer of water, had remained constant for decades. Despite that the 2-year monitoring period is not long enough to draw long-term conclusions, groundwater imbalance was reflected by net aquifer recharge (R) less than PI + PU (G < 0) in the average year 2010–2011, with net lateral inflow from adjacent Cambrian formations being the largest recharge component. R is expected to be much less than PI + PU in recurrent dry spells. Some low-technology actions are tentatively proposed to mitigate groundwater degradation, such as: wastewater capture, treatment, and reuse for irrigation; storm-water harvesting for irrigation; and active maintenance of the irrigation system to improve its efficiency.