A new surface joining technique for the design of shoe lasts

The footwear industry is a traditional craft sector, where technological advances are difficult to implement owing to the complexity of the processes being carried out, and the level of precision demanded by most of them. The shoe last joining operation is one clear example, where two halves from different lasts are put together, following a specifically traditional process, to create a new one. Existing surface joining techniques analysed in this paper are not well adapted to shoe last design and production processes, which makes their implementation in the industry difficult. This paper presents an alternative surface joining technique, inspired by the traditional work of lastmakers. This way, lastmakers will be able to easily adapt to the new tool and make the most out of their know-how. The technique is based on the use of curve networks that are created on the surfaces to be joined, instead of using discrete data. Finally, a series of joining tests are presented, in which real lasts were successfully joined using a commercial last design software. The method has shown to be valid, efficient, and feasible within the sector.

Sighted volunteers’ motivations to assist people with visual impairments in freetime sport activities

Since the changing of the political and economic system in 1989-1990 in Hungary, volunteer movements have appeared all over the country. Volunteers of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds are engaged in a wide range of activities, wishing to add values to the lives of others in need, hoping to improve their micro or/and macro environment. Volunteering has also appeared in the field of sport, and the work of a large number of nongovernmental sport organisations is strongly dependent on volunteers’ participation. In the socialist era disability sports were neglected by the state. The new democratic state has been paying increasing attention to disability sports and volunteers have been a great asset in improving the accessibility of spare time sport activities. The present empirical research investigates which factors motivate sighted volunteers to join Hungarian Sports and Leisure Association for the Visually Impaired (Látássérültek Szabadidős Sportegyesülete, LÁSS). Results confirm that joining LÁSS was in few cases (N=3) attributed to having parental or other family relations with blind or partially sighted people. Respondents unanimously admit to have a wish to share the joy of physical activity with their visually impaired peers.

The evolution and masses of the neutron star and donor star in the high mass X-ray binary OAO 1657−415

We report near-infrared radial velocity (RV) measurements of the recently identified donor star in the high mass X-ray binary (HMXB) system OAO 1657−415 obtained in the H band using ISAAC on the Very Large Telescope. Cross-correlation methods were employed to construct a RV curve with a semi-amplitude of 22.1 ± 3.5 km s−1. Combined with other measured parameters of this system it provides a dynamically determined neutron star (NS) mass of 1.42 ± 0.26 M⊙ and a mass of 14.3 ± 0.8 M⊙ for the Ofpe/WN9 highly evolved donor star. OAO 1657−415 is an eclipsing HMXB pulsar with the largest eccentricity and orbital period of any within its class. Of the 10 known eclipsing X-ray binary pulsars OAO 1657−415 becomes the ninth with a dynamically determined NS mass solution and only the second in an eccentric system. Furthermore, the donor star in OAO 1657−415 is much more highly evolved than the majority of the supergiant donors in other HMXBs, joining a small but growing list of HMXBs donors with extensive hydrogen depleted atmospheres. Considering the evolutionary development of OAO 1657−415, we have estimated the binding energy of the envelope of the mass donor and find that there is insufficient energy for the removal of the donor’s envelope via spiral-in, ruling out a common envelope evolutionary scenario. With its non-zero eccentricity and relatively large orbital period the identification of a definitive evolutionary pathway for OAO 1657−415 remains problematic, we conclude by proposing two scenarios which may account for OAO 1657−415 current orbital configuration.

Los cinco testamentos de Francisco Xavier Balmis

El reciente hallazgo de los Protocolos Testamentarios Francisco Xavier Balmis (1753-1819), director de la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna, constituye una nueva fuente documental para explorar su perfil biográfico. Balmis redactó un total de cinco testamentos que abarcan el periodo de 1803-1818 y coinciden con momentos cruciales de su vida. Su análisis ha permitido establecer interesantes observaciones que certifican su inseguridad personal antes de afrontar la expedición, su desamparo al ser despojado de sus bienes por adherirse a la causa monárquica frente a Napoleón, el consuelo al serle restituidos sus honores y hacienda o la entereza para afrontar sus últimos momentos. Revelan que Balmis supo hacer de la carrera profesional como cirujano militar un instrumento para alcanzar el prestigio social, y desmienten los supuestos sobre un final oscuro. El inventario de sus bienes ratifica su desahogada situación económica y su capacidad para gestionarlos. Las fuentes notariales se acreditan con este caso de Balmis, un funcionario de la Corona, como un ejemplo para el estudio de las oligarquías urbanas del Antiguo Régimen.

El proceso de revisión a la traducción de Francisco Xavier Balmis del Tratado histórico y práctico de la vacuna, de Moreau de la Sarthe

El Tratado histórico y práctico de la vacuna de Moreau de la Sarthe, traducido por Francisco Xavier de Balmis y publicado en 1803, fue uno de los protagonistas de la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna, convirtiéndose en el primer Manual de Vacunaciones oficial reconocido así por un gobierno. En 1801, Balmis decide traducirlo, y se suma a la primera hornada de difusores del método de Edward Jenner en España. Analizamos el procedimiento a que fue sometido desde su envío para revisión hasta su edición final, en el que transcurren 16 meses. Tras una remisión incompleta, el revisor señala a Balmis errores en el estilo, en la propia traducción y omisiones a pasajes de la obra original. La decisión final tras las correcciones fue de aceptación, aunque no obtuvo la autorización deseada por Balmis para incluir una dedicatoria a la Reina, hecho que incrementaría su impacto, justificado en la consideración de que no era una obra singular en su género o de un mérito sobresaliente. Finalmente, Balmis lo dedica a las madres de familia. Con una tirada inicial de 500 ejemplares y una inmediata posterior de 2000, tuvo una amplia difusión en la América latina. El estudio destaca la influencia de los evaluadores en la calidad de la producción científica.

An ethnopharmacological and historical analysis of “Dictamnus”, a European traditional herbal medicine

Ethnopharmacological relevance and background: “Dictamnus” was a popular name for a group of medicinal herbaceous plant species of the Rutaceae and Lamiaceae, which since the 4th century have been used for gynaecological problems and other illnesses BCE and still appear in numerous ethnobotanical records. Aims: This research has as four overarching aims: Determining the historical evolution of medical preparations labelled “Dictamnus” and the different factors affecting this long-standing herbal tradition. Deciphering and differentiating those medicinal uses of “Dictamnus” which strictly correspond to Dictamnus (Rutaceae), from those of Origanum dictamnus and other Lamiaceae species. Quantitatively assessing the dependence from herbal books, and pharmaceutical tradition, of modern Dictamnus ethnobotanical records. Determining whether differences between Western and Eastern Europe exist with regards to the Dictamnus albus uses in ethnopharmacology and ethnomedicine. Methods: An exhaustive review of herbals, classical pharmacopoeias, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological literature was conducted. Systematic analysis of uses reported which were standardized according to International Classification of Diseases – 10 and multivariate analysis using factorial, hierarchical and neighbour joining methods was undertaken. Results and discussion: The popular concept “Dictamnus” includes Origanum dictamnus L., Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. and B. acetabulosa (L.) Benth. (Lamiaceae), as well as Dictamnus albus L. and D. hispanicus Webb ex Willk. (Rutaceae), with 86 different types of uses. Between 1000 and 1700 CE numerous complex preparations with “Dictamnus” were used in the treatment of 35 different pathologies. On biogeographical grounds the widespread D. albus is a far more likely prototypical “Dictamnus” than the Cretan endemic Origanum dictamnus. However both form integral parts of the “Dictamnus” complex. Evidence exists for a sufficiently long and coherent tradition for D. albus and D. hispanicus, use to treat 47 different categories of diseases. Conclusions: This approach is a model for understanding the cultural history of plants and their role as resources for health care. “Dictamnus” shows how transmission of traditional knowledge about materia medica, over 26 centuries, represents remarkable levels of development and innovation. All this lead us to call attention to D. albus and D. hispanicus which are highly promising as potential herbal drug leads. The next steps of research should be to systematically analyse phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical evidence and to develop safety, pharmacology and toxicology profiles of the traditional preparations.

Cabecera cuadrada renacentista con bóveda pseudo-esférica cruzada en la iglesia Santiago de Orihuela (Alicante)

Jerónimo Quijano fue uno de los ilustres arquitectos destacados del Renacimiento pleno en España. Su obra, la iglesia de Santiago en Orihuela -Alicante- posee una Capilla Mayor renacentista, de carácter funerario, de planta central y adosada a una nave gótica. Destaca su bóveda superior de 4 pares de arcos entrecruzados y revirados. Al ser dobles se reduce la superficie central de plementería y se gana en resistencia. Es de complicada geometría esférica y cuadrada a la vez: bóveda pseudo-vaída (esférica solo hasta los arcos exteriores) y plementería lateral adaptándose a la planta cuadrada. Supone la fusión de la antigüedad clásica con la tradición hispanomusulmana. Como referencia, se estudia sucintamente la Capilla Benavides en Baeza - Jaén-, obra de Andrés de Vandelvira e incluida en el tratado de arquitectura de su hijo Alonso, la cual plantea un gran espacio cuadrado cubierto por una bóveda vaída y reforzada por 4 arcos entrecruzados.