Relationship between piezometric level and ground deformations measured by means of DInSAR in the Vega Media of the Segura River (Spain)

Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) is a remote sensing method with the well demonstrated ability to monitor geological hazards like earthquakes, landslides and subsidence. Among all these hazards, subsidence involves the settlement of the ground surface affecting wide areas. Frequently, subsidence is induced by overexploitation of aquifers and constitutes a common problem that affects developed societies. The excessive pumping of underground water decreases the piezometric level in the subsoil and, as a consequence, increases the effective stresses with depth causing a consolidation of the soil column. This consolidation originates a settlement of ground surface that must be withstood by civil structures built on these areas. In this paper we make use of an advanced DInSAR approach - the Coherent Pixels Technique (CPT) [1] - to monitor subsidence induced by aquifer overexploitation in the Vega Media of the Segura River (SE Spain) from 1993 to the present. 28 ERS-1/2 scenes covering a time interval of about 10 years were used to study this phenomenon. The deformation map retrieved with CPT technique shows settlements of up to 80 mm at some points of the studied zone. These values agree with data obtained by means of borehole extensometers, but not with the distribution of damaged buildings, well points and basements, because the occurrence of damages also depends on the structural quality of the buildings and their foundations. The most interesting relationship observed is the one existing between piezometric changes, settlement evolution and local geology. Three main patterns of ground surface and piezometric level behaviour have been distinguished for the study zone during this period: 1) areas where deformation occurs while ground conditions remain altered (recent deformable sediments), 2) areas with no deformation (old and non-deformable materials), and 3) areas where ground deformation mimics piezometric level changes (expansive soils). The temporal relationship between deformation patterns and soil characteristics has been analysed in this work, showing a delay between them. Moreover, this technique has allowed the measurement of ground subsidence for a period (1993-1995) where no instrument information was available.

On the Result of Invariance of the Closure Set of the Real Projections of the Zeros of an Important Class of Exponential Polynomials

In this paper we provide the proof of a practical point-wise characterization of the set RP defined by the closure set of the real projections of the zeros of an exponential polynomial P(z) = Σn j=1 cjewjz with real frequencies wj linearly independent over the rationals. As a consequence, we give a complete description of the set RP and prove its invariance with respect to the moduli of the c′ js, which allows us to determine exactly the gaps of RP and the extremes of the critical interval of P(z) by solving inequations with positive real numbers. Finally, we analyse the converse of this result of invariance.

Registro del evento 8.2 ka en la plataforma continental de Alicante (SE, España)

High resolution seismic profiles of the Alicante continental shelf have been studied identifying a seismic prism which top at about -20 m below today sea-level. The prism is covered by recent sediments and can be interpreted as formed during a short interval of stand-by in the general transgression after the last glacial maximum. The -20 m level have been compared with the holocene Mediterranean sea-level-curve to propose an age of about 8 ka BP coinciding with the «8.2 ka cooling event» that was an abrupt, widespread climate instability. The prism top is deeper in the northern seismic profiles thus indicating a more subsidence that the southern coastal shelf where an erosion surface with rocky shoals configure the sea bottom.

Reproducibilidad de la batería EPESE de desempeño físico en atención primaria

Objetivo. Estimar la reproducibilidad de tres medidas objetivas de desempeño físico de personas mayores en atención primaria. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo y prospectivo con observación directa de la función física por parte de profesionales de la salud de acuerdo a un protocolo estandarizado. Emplazamiento. Tres centros de atención primaria de las provincias de Alicante y Valencia. Participantes. Muestra de 66 personas de 70 y más años, evaluadas en dos ocasiones por el mismo profesional al objeto de replicar idénticas condiciones del estudio, en un intervalo temporal de dos semanas (mediana de 14 días). Mediciones principales. Se evaluó el funcionamiento físico a través de tres pruebas objetivas de desempeño: el test de equilibrio, el de velocidad de la marcha, y la capacidad para levantarse y sentarse de una silla. Estas medidas provienen de los estudios E PESE (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly). Se ha calculado la fiabilidad test-retest mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Resultados. Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI) fueron de 0,55 para el test de equilibrio, de 0,69 para el test de levantarse de la silla, y de O, 79 para el de velocidad de la marcha. El valor para la puntuación total de la batería EPESE fue de 0,80. Conclusiones. La reproducibilidad de estas medidas de desempeño es tan aceptable como las aportadas por la bibliografía de referencia. Estas pruebas de desempeño permiten evaluar con rigor cambios importantes en funcionamiento y salud que se producen con el tiempo.

Brachiopod assemblages from the Early-Middle Jurassic transition in the Eastern Subbetic (SE Spain): Systematic and palaeobiogeographic implications and palaeoenvironmental significance

New data on brachiopod assemblages recorded in the Eastern Subbetic area (Alicante, SE Spain) and attributed to the Early Bajocian (Humphriesianum Zone and/or immediately older) are provided. Eleven species have been distinguished and reported for the first time in the Subbetic domain of the Betic Cordillera. The description of the morphological evidences on each analysed taxa, especially in relation to their internal morphology, brings new implications in the systematics of the Middle Jurassic brachiopods. The analysis of faunistic affinity between the recorded assemblages and those from other palaeogeographic domains, shows that the Subbetic brachiopod fauna has a clear Mediterranean affinity, as proved by the different species belonging to the genera Striirhynchia, Septocrurella, Mondegia?, Karadagithyris, Linguithyris, Papodina?, Viallithyris?, and Zugmayeria?. It is also evidenced that the Early-Middle Jurassic transition in the Eastern Subbetic accounted, in qualitative terms, a remarkable interval of faunistic renewal in the brachiopod assemblages, strongly influenced by a complex tectonic and stratigraphic framework controlled by a period of intense extensional tectonics, globally framed in the evolution of the Atlantic Ocean.

Reproducibility comparison among multiangle spectrophotometers

New color-measuring instruments known as multiangle spectrophotometers have been recently created to measure and characterize the goniochromism of special-effect pigments in many materials with a particular visual appearance (metallic, interference, pearlescent, sparkle, or glitter). These devices measure the gonioapparent color from the spectral relative reflectance factor and the L*a*b* values of the sample with different illumination and observation angles. These angles usually coincide with requirements marked in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Deutsches Institut Für Normung standards relating to the gonioapparent color, but the results of comparisons between these instruments are still inconclusive. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to compare several multiangle spectrophotometers at a reproducibility level according to ASTM E2214-08 guidelines. In particular, we compared two X-Rite multi-gonio spectrophotometers (MA98 and MA68II), a Datacolor multi-gonio spectrophotometer (FX10), and a BYK multi-gonio spectrophotometer (BYK-mac). These instruments share only five common measurement geometries: 45° × −30° (as 15°), 45° × −20° (as 25°), 45° × 0° (as 45°), 45° × 30° (as 75°), 45° × 65° (as 110°). Specific statistical studies were used for the reproducibility comparison, including a Hotelling test and a statistical intercomparison test to determine the confidence interval of the partial color differences ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, and the total color difference ΔE*ab. This was conducted using a database collection of 88 metallic and pearlescent samples that were measured 20 times without the replacement of all the instruments. The final findings show that in most measurement geometries, the reproducibility differences between pairs of instruments are statistically significant, although in general, there is a better reproducibility level at certain common geometries for newer instruments (MA98 and BYK-mac). This means that these differences are due to systematic or bias errors (angle tolerances for each geometry, photometric scales, white standards, etc.), but not exclusively to random errors. However, neither of the statistical tests used is valid to discriminate and quantify the detected bias errors in this comparison between instruments.

Salud y condiciones de trabajo en trabajadores mayores

Introducción: En los últimos años, la población española ha experimentado un crecimiento acelerado de personas mayores. Las previsiones demográficas a corto-medio plazo describen un importante predominio de trabajadores mayores en el mercado laboral. Objetivos: Identificar las diferencias según dos grupos de edad (<55 años y ≥55 años) en la percepción de las condiciones de trabajo y salud de la población trabajadora española. Metodología: Las diferencias entre los dos grupos de edad se analizaron a partir de indicadores de condiciones de trabajo y de salud pertenecientes a la VII Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo del Instituto de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo (VII_ENCT). El análisis consistió en el cálculo de las prevalencias y la odds ratio cruda-ORc y ajustada por sexo con su correspondiente intervalo del confianza al 95% Resultados: El grupo de trabajadores más jóvenes presentan más riesgo de exposición a seis de los siete indicadores relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo (ruido, vibraciones, carga física, carga mental, autonomía y motivación). No obstante los trabajadores mayores tienen una peor percepción de su estado de salud (ORa= 2,06 [1,75-2,42]) y presentan en mayor medida problemas de salud que si bien les conducen a la visita médica más frecuentemente los relacionan menos con su actividad laboral. Conclusiones: A tenor de los resultados, los trabajadores de 55 años y más refieren tener menos quejas respecto a sus condiciones laborales e incluso se sienten más autónomos y motivados. Es el deterioro físico y mental la principal limitación que encuentran estos trabajadores a la hora de ejercer sus tareas. Sería recomendable establecer políticas de promoción de la salud dentro de las empresas para mejorar los indicadores de salud y promover el envejecimiento activo de la población trabajadora española.