Valoración energética de subproductos de palmera datilera

Este trabajo se integra en el marco de un estudio de valoración energética de subproductos obtenidos de la palmera datilera, disponibles en grandes cantidades y que actualmente no se valorizan. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en evaluar los subproductos de la palmera datilera, y en concreto, estudiar el poder calorífico superior de las principales especies presentes en los oasis, y en obtener, mediante pirolisis de estos subproductos, carbón activo, y de esta al forma valorar residuos, obtener un aprovechamiento económico secundario, al mismo tiempo que estamos valorando estos residuos. El estudio se realiza sobre siete especies arbóreas, entre ellas cinco variedades de palmera datiliera, y en concreto sobre un único subproducto. Los resultados de estas pruebas permitieron poner de manifiesto que el Poder Calorífico de las especies que habitan los oasis es más importante que el de las otras especies arbóreas. El residuo sólido se obtiene de la madera de la parte inferior del árbol que se llama (Kornaf), activada a una temperatura de 700 °C utilizando el vapor de agua como agente de activación. Se estudió la calidad del carbón activo obtenido, mediante el cálculo de su superficie específica, y resultó de buena calidad (1050m2/g).

Thermal decomposition of the different particles size fractions of almond shells and olive stones. Thermal behaviour changes due to the milling processes

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particle size on the non-isothermal pyrolysis of almond shells (AS) and olive stones (OS) and to show possible differences in the composition of the different fractions obtained after milling and sieving. The results obtained from the study of different particle size of AS and OS samples show significant differences in the solid residue obtained and in the shape and overlapping degree of the peaks, especially with the smaller particle size. These differences can be due to different factors: (a) the amount of inorganic matter, which increases as particle size decreases, (b) heat and mass transfer processes, (c) different sample composition as a consequence of the milling process which may provoke changes in the structure and the segregation of the components (in addition to the ashes) increasingly changes the composition of the sample as the particle size decreases.

De novo synthesis of brominated dioxins and furans

On the basis of laboratory experiments with model mixtures (active carbon + CuBr2 at different loads), this work studies the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) by de novo synthesis. For the different samples, the temperature of the maximum carbon oxidation rate was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and a kinetic model was proposed for the degradation of the materials in an oxidizing atmosphere (synthetic air). The effect of the addition of different amounts of CuBr2 was studied, finding that its presence accelerates the degradation of the carbonaceous structure in the presence of oxygen. The thermal degradation of the samples in air is satisfactorily described by a first-order single-reaction model. In addition, combustion runs of one of the mixtures (consisting of activated carbon + 50 wt % CuBr2, pyrolyzed at 700 °C) were performed in a quartz horizontal laboratory furnace. The analysis of the emissions and the solid residue proved the formation of brominated dioxins and furans at 300, 400, and 500 °C, with a maximum yield at 300 °C (91.7 ng/g of total PBDD/Fs) and a higher bromination degree with increasing temperature.